4. Translate the following sentences into English using the

Nominative Infinitive Construction:

1. Відомо, що дифтерія - це хвороба, при якій дитина страждає від тяжкої задухи.

Вважають, що в Україні зареєстровано багато випадків захво­рювання СНІ Дом

3. .Ймовірно, що погіршення стану хворого пов'язане з наявністю супутніх захворювань.

4. Відомо, що вакцинація проти дифтерії е однією з форм профі­лактики цього тяжкого інфекційного захворювання.

5. Вважають, що висипання є характерним клінічним проявом та­ких інфекційних захворювань, як скарлатина, вітряна віспа та інші.

6. Вважають, що першими симптомами скарлатини є біль у горлі, підвищення температури і загальна слабкість.

7. Відомо, що одним із ускладнень після кору є пневмонія, яка осо­бливо небезпечна для дітей.

8. Відомо, що період інфекційного захворювання, під час якого немає характерних клінічних проявів, називається періодом ін­кубації.

IX. Read the text and be ready to discuss the following items.

1. The immunity depends on ... .

2. Active immunization should be initiated ....

3. The recommended dose ....

CONTROL ASSIGNMENTS

I. Make communications on the given topics using the following

groups of words.

1. The most common ways of dissemination of infectious diseases: the chief source of dissemination of scarlet fever must be mentioned in this respect.

Close contact with the patient; indirect contact with the patient; pen­etration of the infecting organism through an abrasion or wound; patho­genic microorganisms penetrating through the respiratory tract; infec­tions disseminated by the intestinal discharges; direct transmission of the organism.

2. The stages in the course of infectious diseases: the stages of scar­let fever should be described in this respect too.

Cyclic course of the infectious disease; clearly defined stages of infec­tious diseases; the usual incubation period; to be accompanied by; to make complaints of.

3. The most common complications following infectious diseases; spe­cial stress is to be laid on scarlet fever.

To bring about complications; a typical complication.

The aim of the treatment of infectious diseases; the effective means used in the treatment of scarlet fever.Measures directed against the causative agent; to influence favourab­ly the reactivity of the organism; the complex of pathogenic therapy.

5. The types of immunity and immunization against contagious dis­eases as primary preventive measure.

Temporary passive immunity; acquired immunity follows; inocula­tions against an infectious disease; to stress the necessity of smth., to cre­ate immunity against; to be armed with reliable weapon.

Texts for individual reading infectious diseases of childhood

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria or other microorganisms that multiply inTheJ>ody and have a harmfubeffect"orT rL Tfiese^prganisms (germs and viruses) are capable of producing poiso- nous. substances,, or toxins^ that poison thj body.

The chief source of infection is direct or indirect contact with the patient himself, the disease being communicated to others before it has been recognized and the individual isolated, or transmitted after quaran­tine has been removed.

According to the mode of infection contagious diseases may be classi­fied as: '

1. Infectious diseases in which the infecting organism penetrates through an abrasion or wound of the skin or mucous membranes. Such are, for example, pyogenic bacteria, causing septicemia, gonococcus infec­tion, toxemia.

2. Infections caused by the pathogenic microorganisms through the respiratory tract are: 1. Diseases due to various types of streptococci: rheumatic fever, quinzy, scarlet fever; 2. Diseases due to filtrable virus­es: measles, mumps, smallpox, chicken-pox, polyomyelitis.

3. Infections, generally bacterial, disseminated principally by the intestinal discharges, such as typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera.

In order to identify the causative microorganism bacteriological stud­ies are performed which help to detect such microorganisms by direct examination under the microscope of the patient's blood, urine, stools, sputum or any pathological material withdrawn from the body. The exam­ination of the exudate on the tonsils, for example, may reveal the pres­ence of the diphtheria bacillus; examination of the sputum may show the tubercle bacillus.The direct identification of the infecting agent being impossible, the serologic method is used. The latter depends upon the demonstration in the patient's serum of antibodies specific to the suspected disease. Special serologic tests have been devised for demonstrating the presence of these antibodies. Among these are hemagglutination (inhibition), complement fixation, antibody neutralizing, hemadsorption inhibition, and precipita­tion test. •

The characteristic feature of acute infectious diseases is their cyclic course. There are clearly defined stages in the course of infectious dis­eases: incubation (latent period), prodromal period, invasion period, active period, period of decline, convalescence.

The maximum period of incubation (i.e., the time between the data of exposure to the disease and the beginning of clinical manifestations) of some communicable diseases, e.g., chicken-pox, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, whooping cough ranges between 7 to 21 days.

In some cases an increased resistance to certain infections can be observed. The capacity possessed by the body for resisting infection is spoken of as immunity.

Immunity may be natural and acquired. Natural immunity to certain infections may be transmitted from parent to offspring. A temporary pas­sive immunity is transmitted from the mother to her infant both through the placental circulation and through the breast milk. Acquired immuni­ty may follow a spontaneous attack of disease, the artificial inoculation of a modified virus, vaccine injections of antitoxic and antibacterial sera.

The most significant primary preventive measure is immunization against contagious diseases. Prophylactic measures applied in early child­hood and the preschool ages should be directed at Combating acute child­hood infections. ' ^

Answer the questions on text.