- •Башкирский государственный аграрный университет r.A. Yusupova, l.F. Kharisova English for agronomists
- •Soil Active vocabulary
- •Text 1 Agronomy
- •1.4 Translate the following words having the same stem. Check your translation with the help of a dictionary:
- •1.5 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Agronomy cars
- •1.6 Answer the questions to the text.
- •Text 2 What is soil?
- •2.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •2.6 Answer the following questions:
- •2.7 Read the text without a dictionary. Try to catch its main idea.
- •Text 3 Soil formation
- •3.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Text 4 Soil Physics
- •4.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •4.4 Give English equivalents:
- •4.5 Answer the following questions:
- •4.6 Say if these statements are correct:
- •Text 5 Soil chemistry
- •5.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Text 6 Living Soil
- •6.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Soil Food Web Model in picture form
- •6.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Text 7 Soil fertility
- •7.3 Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary.
- •7.5 Find the paragraph speaking about results of applying too much fertilizers. Discuss it.
- •7.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Text 8 Soil Classification
- •8.3 Read the following pairs of words and translate them:
- •8.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •8.6 Render the text into Russian using no dictionary:
- •Text 9 Soil Zones
- •9.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •9.5 Choose the right statement:
- •9.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Unit VI Soil chemistry Active vocabulary
- •Text 1 Chemical Properties of Soil
- •1.3 Translate the following sentences; pay attention to grammar
- •1.4 Read and translate the text with a dictionary
- •1.5 Choose the proper definition from the right column
- •1.6 Translate the following words having the same stem.
- •1.7 Answer the following questions
- •1.8 Explain the meaning of the symbol “ph”.
- •1.9 Explain the terms “acid soils” and “alkaline soils” in English.
- •1.10 Read the following text and briefly retell it. Plant Foods in the Soil.
- •Text 2 Organic Matter in the Soil
- •2.3 Say it in Russian
- •2.4 Translate the following sentences; pay attention to the grammar
- •2.5 Read and translate the text with a dictionary
- •2.6 Fill in gaps using following words: decomposition, undecomposed, decomposing, decomposed
- •In land-applied biosolids, a portion of ammonium
- •2.12 Read the following text without dictionary and say what a new information you’ve got
- •Text 3 Fertilization
- •3.3 Say it in Russian
- •3.4 Translate the following sentences; pay attention to the grammar
- •3.5 Read and translate the text with a dictionary
- •3.6 Say it in English
- •3.7 Choose the correct statements from the following ones:
- •3.8 Find the paragraphs speaking about results of applying complex fertilizers.
- •3.9 Make an annotation of the text “Fertilization”.
- •3.10 Read the following text without dictionary. Title the text.
- •Text 4 Environmental Problems
- •4.4 Read and translate the following texts with the help of a dictionary. Part 1
- •Part 2 Acid rains
- •Part 3 Harmful effects of pesticides
- •4.5 Answer the questions to the text.
- •4.6 Match the words with the definitions:
- •4.7 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
- •Text 5 Organic agriculture
- •5.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •5.5 Answer the questions to the text.
- •5.6 Translate the following words having the same stem. Check your translation with the help of a dictionary:
- •Text 6 Organic practices and species diversity
- •6.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •6.5 Answer the questions to the text.
- •6.6 Say if these statements are false or true:
- •Vocabulary
- •Библиографический список
- •Содержание
Soil Food Web Model in picture form
6.5 Give English equivalents: физические и химические реакции, урожай культуры, растительность, глубина, фут, рост микроорганизмов, деятельность микроорганизмов, растворять минералы в почве, достаточная влажность, уровень органического вещества, кислотность, щелочность.
6.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below the text:
Organic Matter and Essential Elements. Since all plants require 16 … for proper growth it is logical to conclude that the dead remains of these plants, like manure contain all … elements.
Organic matter, in addition to containing elements essential for plants, also contain elements necessary for livestock and … . These are sodium, cobalt, and iodine which are essential for … but not for plants. … matter also contains traces of nickel and gold; in fact most of the elements in … are found in plants.
Although organic matter contains all of the elements … for plant growth, these elements may not always be in the right … for producing … crop yields.
Nature, man, balance, elements, animals, maximum, essential, organic, necessary.
Text 7 Soil fertility
7.1 Read the following international words and translate them: elements, reproduce, macronutrients, micronutrients, cycle, physical, chemical, characteristics, analysis, function, concentration, bacteria, factor, intensive, industry, problem.
7.2 Say it in Russian: specific functions, plant nutrition, plant metabolism, nutrient cycle, nutrient deficiency, soil testing, symbiotic association, maintain high yields, natural fertilizers, the underground aquifers.
7.3 Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary.
A
To be
effective, fertilizer
should be applied.
Elements that are required by plants in relatively large amounts are called macronutrients, elements that are required in smaller amounts are called micronutrients. Each element has one or more specific functions in plant metabolism.
The study of the ability of the soil to supply and sustain adequate amounts of nutrients for plant growth is called soil fertility. How plants take up nutrients and use them in their metabolism is called plant nutrition. Many soil physical and chemical characteristics affect the availability of nutrients to plants. The nutrient cycle determine the long term sustainability of fertility. But in the short term, the chemical form of the nutrient in the soil, how it moves to the plant root (ion movement) through the pore space of soils is most important. Nutrient deficiencies can usually be corrected with the addition of chemical or natural organic fertilizers. However, before we can know how much fertilizer to apply, nutrient deficiency can be qualified by chemical analysis of growing crops or soil testing after harvest, or better, just prior to seeding.
Essential Nutrients These are nutrient elements that fulfill two conditions
Nutrient is directly involved in the metabolism of the plant.
Nutrient can not be substituted by another element.
Essential elements are usually divided into two categories depending on their concentrations with the plant tissues: macronutrients and micronutrients.
Macronutrients These are nutrients that are required by plants in relatively large amounts and include the three supplied by the atmosphere carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and six supplied by the soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur. Most cultivated soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus and require annual additions of these two fertilizers to remain productive. Potassium and sulphur deficiencies once concentrated in the poorer northern soils are spreading. Pulse and oil crops which are replacing cereals require more sulphur and potassium. Only a few soils require the alkaline elements of calcium and magnesium since most of our soils were formed on glacial till deposits that were rich in limestones.
Micronutrients These are elements plants require in relatively small amounts and include seven are recognized as being essential for all plants: chlorine, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum and nickel. Four other are essential for only some plants or are required by bacteria in symbiotic association with the plant: sodium, cobalt, vanadium and silicon. Although these nutrients are required in much smaller quantities than macronutrients by a factor of 10 to 1000 times less, nonetheless they are just as important and crop yield and quality will suffer if the plant is deficient in these nutrients.
Fertilizer Forms Soils under intensive crop or animal production lose nutrients. Losses are to the ground water through leaching and to the atmosphere through the volatilization. We must also consider that the harvested crop or grazing animal takes away nutrients from the soil. Modern farming requires the regular addition of plant nutrients to supplement the nutrient supplying power of soils and maintain high yields. These nutrients are contained in natural (organic) or chemical fertilizers, which must be applied in a careful and timely manner. Fertilizers can be applied in many forms.
Soil and Plant Testing Adding too much fertilizer has been a problem in many countries that have intensive agriculture production. Mobile nutrients such as nitrogen can move out of the soil profile into the underground aquifers and may contaminate our drinking water and rivers.
7.4 Give English equivalents: плодородие почвы, движение ионов, органические удобрения, большое количество, ежегодные добавки, щелочные элементы, минеральные вещества, выщелачивание, собранный урожай, современное земледелие, питьевая вода.