- •Vocabulary
- •1. Read the text. For each statement 1 to 8 below choose a) right, b) wrong or c) doesn’t say. Correct the false statements.
- •2. Match the historical systems of law (1 to 8) to their distinctive characteristics (a to h).
- •3. Make the Comparative and the Superlative forms of the adjectives.
- •5. Complete the sentences with was/wasn’t, were/weren’t and translate them.
- •6. Put the sentences in the Past Simple Tense. Make necessary changes.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the Past Simple Tense.
- •8. Transform the following sentences into a) negative sentence, b) yes/no-question, c) or-question, d) tag-question, e) wh-questions and f) subject-question.
- •Vocabulary
- •10. Read text 2 and choose (a), (b) or (c) to answer the questions or complete the statements.
- •11. Match the sentence halves to make appropriate sentences.
- •12. Find the Passive verb forms (Present Simple or Past Simple) and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •13. Choose the proper verb form (Active or Passive).
- •14. Rewrite the sentences, changing the active to the passive and adding by where necessary. Make any other necessary changes.
- •15. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets (present or past simple active or passive, participle I or II).
- •16. Use the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets. Supply the where necessary.
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •17. Match the legal terms with their definitions.
- •18. Match the verbs 1 to 10 to the nouns that they go with. Make up 5 sentences with any of the collocations.
- •19. Give synonyms. Make up 7 sentences with any of them.
- •20. Replace the underlined parts of the sentences with appropriate words and phrases from the vocabulary lists on pp. 24 and 29.
- •22. Translate the chains of words into Russian. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from each chain.
- •23. Choose the best word to fill each gap from the alternatives given in the box below. There are some words that you don’t need.
- •24. Complete this text with the correct alternatives. Translate the text into Russian in written form.
- •25. Look again at Texts 1 and 2 and answer the questions.
- •26. Translate into English.
- •27. Speak on one of the following topics. Use the words and phrases provided below each topic.
- •1 Early systems of law.
- •2 Roman law and its influence.
- •28. Discuss in groups.
24. Complete this text with the correct alternatives. Translate the text into Russian in written form.
Ancient India and China represent (1) ........ traditions of law, and had historically independent schools of legal theory and practice. In India the Arthashastra, (2) ........ from 400 BC, and the Manusmriti, from 100 AD, were influential texts considered authoritative legal guidance. Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism. Nevertheless, this Hindu tradition, along with Islamic law, was (3) ........ by the common law when India became part of the British Empire. Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore and Hong Kong also (4) ........ the common law.
The eastern Asia legal tradition (5)........ a unique combination of secular and religious influences. Japan was the first country to begin modernizing its legal system along western lines, by importing bits of the French, but mostly the German Civil (6) ........ . This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late 19th century. Similarly, traditional Chinese law gave way to westernization towards the final years of the Ch'ing dynasty in the form of six private law codes (7) ........ mainly on the Japanese model of German law. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily (8) ........ by Soviet Socialist law, which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights. Today, (9) ........, because of rapid industrialization China is reforming, at least in terms of economic (if not social and political) rights. A new contract code in 1999 (10) .......... a turn away from administrative domination. Furthermore, after negotiations lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization.
-
1
a) public
b) civil
c) distinct
d) equal
2
a) connected
b) providing
c) derived
d) dating
3
a) prohibited
b) replaced
c) laid down
d) settled
4
a) adopted
b) infringed
c) replaced
d) passed
5
a) prosecutes
b) governs
c) reflects
d) enforces
6
a) Law
b) Code
c) Treaty
d) Act
7
a) administered
b) applied
c) enacted
d) based
8
a) protected
b) influenced
c) reformed
d) regulated
9
a) despite
b) eventually
c) however
d) although
10
a) represented
b) prevented
c) resolved
d) agreed
Summing–Up