3. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.

Stylistics and phonetics: phonetics studies sounds, articulation, rhythmics and intonation. Stylistics concentrates on expressive sound combinations, intonational and rhythmic patterns. Stylistics and lexicology: lexicology describes words, their origin, development, semantic and structural features. Stylistics also deals with words, but only those which are expressive in language or speech. Stylistics and grammar: grammar describes regularities of building words, word-combinations, sentences and texts. Stylistics restricts itself to those grammar regularities, which make language units expressive.

Semasiology: a branch of linguistics whose area of study is meaning. All stylistic effects are based on the interplay between different kinds of meaning on different levels (grammatical, lexical, logical, denotative, connotative, emotive, evaluative, expressive and stylistic).

Onomasiology (or onomatology) is the theory of naming dealing with the choice of words when naming or assessing some object or phenomenon. In stylistic analysis we often have to do with a transfer of nominal meaning in a text (antonomasia, metaphor, metonymy, etc.)

Literary Stylistics will inevitably overlap with areas of literary studies such as the theory of imagery, literary genres, the art of composition, etc.

Decoding Stylistics in many ways borders culture studies in the broad sense of that word including the history of art, aesthetic trends and even information theory.

4. Types of stylistics. Kinds of literary stylistics.

Stylistics of language – studies from one side the peculiarities of language subsystems, which are called functional styles and sublanguages and characterized by the peculiarities of the vocabulary, phraseology and syntaxes and from the other side expressive, emotional and evaluative characteristics of different language means.

Stylistics of speech – studies separate real texts, investigating how they show the context, not only following the norms which are known to the Grammar and Stylistics of the language, but on the basis of the deviation from the norm.

Linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics are two separate and at the same time interconnected branches of stylistics .Linguistic stylistics studies functional styles of a language and the elements of language from the point of view of their ability to express and cause emotions, associations, etc. Linguistic stylistic must be subdivided due to the fact that language presents a hierarchy of levels, from the lowest up to the highest and each level is described by what we call a "level discipline": stylistic phonetics, stylistic morphology, stylistic syntax, stylistic lexicology. This branch studies the expressive possibilities of a language.

Literary stylistics studies expressive means and stylistic devices characteristic for a definite work of art, man of letter, literary movement, trend or epoch, and factors influencing the expressiveness of language. Literary stylistics is closely connected with poetics and theory of literature. Poetics is the science studying the structure of works of literature and the system of aesthetic means used in them. This branch studies the way language is used by a definite person or literary movement.

Difference: Linguostylics is a branch of linguistics, studies the peculiarities of the usage of the abilities of expressive means by one or another author, trend or genre.

Literary stylistics is a branch of theory of literature, studies the ability of expressive means of the language.

As the subject of stylistic analysis is the language in the process of its use, it is quite natural that the analysis touches upon all aspects of language i.e. its phonetics, vocabulary and grammar system. Accordingly it falls into:

Lexical stylistics with two subgroups: a) lexicological stylistics and b) semasiological stylistics.

a) Lexical stylistics studies different components of contextual meanings of words in particular the expressive, evaluative and emotive potential of words belonging to different layers of the vocabulary: dialect words, terms, colloquial words, slang, foreign words, neologisms etc. They are all studied with the view of their interaction with different tasks of the context.

Of great importance is the stylistic analysis of proverbs and phraseology.

b) Semasiological stylistics studies functions of the transferred meanings of words and word-combinations (metaphor, simile, metonymy etc.)

Grammatical stylistics falls into a) morphological stylistics and b) syntactical stylistics.

a) Morphological stylistics studies stylistic possibilities within different grammatical categories adherent to this or that part of speech.

b) Syntactical stylistics investigates expressive possibilities of word-order, types of sentences, types of syntactical constructions. The first place is given here to Figures of Speech i.e. a deliberate deviation from the syntactical norm.

Phono-stylistics studies peculiarities of the sound organization of speech: rhythm, alliteration, onomatopoeia etc if they are used in a stylistic function. It also studies the use of non-standard pronunciation.

We can distinguish three types depending on the angle of studies:

- stylistics of the author (encoder) is interested more in authors of texts than in their texts and regard the text as a result which reason must be found (culture, language).

- stylistics of the reader (decoding stylistics) regards the work as the source of impressions for the reader.