- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter and aims of stylistics.
- •2. Basic approaches to language investigation. The functions of language.
- •Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
- •4. Types of stylistics. Kinds of literary stylistics.
- •5. Basic notion of stylistics.
- •Variant-invariant
- •6. Stylistics and the information theory. Basic components of the information transmission model. Chief processes in the information transmission.
- •7. Style as a general semiotic notion. Different interpretations of style. Individual style.
- •8. Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic notions of stylistics.
- •9. The notion of norm. Relativity of norm
- •10. The theory of image. The structure of image.
- •11. The notion of context. Types of context
- •13. Belles letters style.
- •14. Publicistic style.
- •15. Scientific prose style.
- •16. The style of official documents.
- •17. Newspaper style.
- •18. Phonetic means of stylistics: English instrumentation and English versification.
- •Onomatopoeia
- •19. Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.
- •20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of nouns; sd based on the use of articles.
- •21. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of pronouns; sd based on the use of adjectives; sd based on the use of adverbs.
- •22. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of verbs.
- •23. Word and its Semantic Structure
- •24. Types of connotative meaning.
- •25. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary.
- •Words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •Words having no iexico-stylistic paradigm
- •26. Stylistic functions of the words with a lexico-stylistic patadigm.
- •27. Stylistic functions of literary (high-flown) words.
- •Poetic diction.
- •Archaic words.
- •Barbarisms and foreign words.
- •28. Stylistic functions of conversational (low-flown) words
- •29. Stylistic functions of the words with no lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •30. Stylistic usage of phraseology.
- •31. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •32. Expressive means of English syntax based on the reduction of the sentence structure.
- •33. Expressive means of English syntax based on the rebundancy of the syntactical pattern.
- •34. Expressive means of English syntax based on the violation of the word order.
- •35. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the interaction of syntactical constructions in context
- •36. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of syntactical meaning in context.
- •37. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of the types and means of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •38. General characteristics of stylistic semasiology. Semasiology vs onomasiology. Lexical semasiology vs stylistic semasiology. The notion of secondary nomination.
- •39. General characteristics of figures of substitution as semasiological expressive means. Classification of figures of substitution.
- •40. Figures of quantity.
- •41. Figures of quality: metonymical group.
- •42. Figures of quality: metaphoric group. Types of metaphor.
- •43. Figures of quality: epithet. Semantic and structural types of epithets.
- •44. Figures of quality: Irony. Context types of irony.
- •45. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •46. Classification of figures of figures of combination.
- •47. Figures of identity (equivalence): simile, synonyms-substitutes and synonyms-specifiers.
- •48. Figures of opposition: antithesis, oxymoron.
- •49. Figures of inequality (non-equivalence): climax, anticlimax, pun, zeugma.
- •50 The notion of the text! Different approaches to the definition, Basic classifications of text models.
- •51 Basic notions of literary text
- •It is characterized by:
- •52 The notion of the author of the literary text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s presence. Author’s image as a textual category.
- •53 The narrator in a literary text. Types of narrators with regard to the author and with regard to the textual world.
- •54. The degree of the narrator’s presence in a literary text (degree of perceptability).
- •55 The notion of the narrative perspective (focalization). Types of narrative perspectives.
- •56 Facets of focalization (perceptive, psychological, ideological)
31. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
Speech expressiveness is also characteristic of syntactical organization of speech, not only of sounds, words etc.
Basic element of syntactical level is a model of a sentence – a predicative chain of wordforms which is made up of a noun, verbal members which are in a particular lineal meaningful and formal relations. These models of sentences can contain denotative and connotative information, make synonymic relations and build syntactic-stylistic paradigms.
Stylistic syntax deals with specific patterns of syntactic usage, i.e. syntactical expressive means (EM) and stylistic devices (SD). In stylistic syntax, EM are recognised by less rule-bound modelling of sentences. All the deviations from the stylistically unmarked sentence models (S - P - O – Adv.mod.) are treated as its transformations that may acquire stylistic connotations, in which cases they are regarded as EM. Transformation of the original model into another narrative sentence makes them stylistically marked.
Expressive means on a syntactical level are syntactical models of sentences which have additional logical and expressive information which influences the increasing of pragmatic effectiveness of an expression and speech in general.
According to the type of transformation of the neutral syntactical pattern, all EM in English fall info three groups:
1. EM based on the reduction of the syntactical pattern that results from the deliberate omission of some obligatory element(s) of the sentence structure. This group includes ellipsis, aposiopesis, nominative sentences, and asyndeton.
EM based on the redundancy of the syntactical pattern that results from the addition of some sentence elements or their deliberate repetition. To this group we refer repetition, enumeration, syntactic tautology, polysyndeton, emphatic constructions, parenthetical clauses or sentences.
EM based on the violation of the grammatically fixed word order within a sentence or a deliberate isolation of some parts of the sentence. Here belong stylistic inversion, syntactical split, and detachment.
The stylistic effect in syntax may be created not only due to the intrasentential relations (those between the elements of a sentence), but also due to the intersentential (i.e. the relations between several sentences) relations within paragraphs and other supraphrasal unities.
The stylistic effect in supersyntax may be achieved by the use of SD, i.e. combinations of stylistically marked and unmarked models of sentences within an above-phrasal unity, text. SD may also be created due to the transposition of a model of a sentence in a situational context. In this case a sentence acquires an additional meaning which is not typical of the corresponding syntactical structure.
Thus, taking into account the character of the relations between syntactical structures, possible transpositions of meanings in a context, and the means and types of connection within a sentence, we distinguish the following groups of syntactical SD:
SD based on the peculiar formal and semantic interaction of syntactical constructions within a sentential or suprasentential context: parallelism, chiasmus, anaphora, epiphora.
SD based on the transposition of the syntactical meaning in context: rhetorical questions.
SD based on the transformation of the types and means of connection within or between sentences: parcellation, subordination instead of coordination, and coordination instead of subordination.