- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter and aims of stylistics.
- •2. Basic approaches to language investigation. The functions of language.
- •Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
- •4. Types of stylistics. Kinds of literary stylistics.
- •5. Basic notion of stylistics.
- •Variant-invariant
- •6. Stylistics and the information theory. Basic components of the information transmission model. Chief processes in the information transmission.
- •7. Style as a general semiotic notion. Different interpretations of style. Individual style.
- •8. Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic notions of stylistics.
- •9. The notion of norm. Relativity of norm
- •10. The theory of image. The structure of image.
- •11. The notion of context. Types of context
- •13. Belles letters style.
- •14. Publicistic style.
- •15. Scientific prose style.
- •16. The style of official documents.
- •17. Newspaper style.
- •18. Phonetic means of stylistics: English instrumentation and English versification.
- •Onomatopoeia
- •19. Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.
- •20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of nouns; sd based on the use of articles.
- •21. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of pronouns; sd based on the use of adjectives; sd based on the use of adverbs.
- •22. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of verbs.
- •23. Word and its Semantic Structure
- •24. Types of connotative meaning.
- •25. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary.
- •Words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •Words having no iexico-stylistic paradigm
- •26. Stylistic functions of the words with a lexico-stylistic patadigm.
- •27. Stylistic functions of literary (high-flown) words.
- •Poetic diction.
- •Archaic words.
- •Barbarisms and foreign words.
- •28. Stylistic functions of conversational (low-flown) words
- •29. Stylistic functions of the words with no lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •30. Stylistic usage of phraseology.
- •31. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •32. Expressive means of English syntax based on the reduction of the sentence structure.
- •33. Expressive means of English syntax based on the rebundancy of the syntactical pattern.
- •34. Expressive means of English syntax based on the violation of the word order.
- •35. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the interaction of syntactical constructions in context
- •36. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of syntactical meaning in context.
- •37. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of the types and means of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •38. General characteristics of stylistic semasiology. Semasiology vs onomasiology. Lexical semasiology vs stylistic semasiology. The notion of secondary nomination.
- •39. General characteristics of figures of substitution as semasiological expressive means. Classification of figures of substitution.
- •40. Figures of quantity.
- •41. Figures of quality: metonymical group.
- •42. Figures of quality: metaphoric group. Types of metaphor.
- •43. Figures of quality: epithet. Semantic and structural types of epithets.
- •44. Figures of quality: Irony. Context types of irony.
- •45. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •46. Classification of figures of figures of combination.
- •47. Figures of identity (equivalence): simile, synonyms-substitutes and synonyms-specifiers.
- •48. Figures of opposition: antithesis, oxymoron.
- •49. Figures of inequality (non-equivalence): climax, anticlimax, pun, zeugma.
- •50 The notion of the text! Different approaches to the definition, Basic classifications of text models.
- •51 Basic notions of literary text
- •It is characterized by:
- •52 The notion of the author of the literary text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s presence. Author’s image as a textual category.
- •53 The narrator in a literary text. Types of narrators with regard to the author and with regard to the textual world.
- •54. The degree of the narrator’s presence in a literary text (degree of perceptability).
- •55 The notion of the narrative perspective (focalization). Types of narrative perspectives.
- •56 Facets of focalization (perceptive, psychological, ideological)
28. Stylistic functions of conversational (low-flown) words
Here we refer colloquial words, general slang words (interjargon), special slang words (social and professional jargons), dialectal words and vulgarisms. Some linguists differentiate slang and jargon, but the difference is vague and is practically irrelevant for stylistics.
Generally, colloquial words according to their usage may be divided into three big groups:
1) literary colloquial,
2) familiar colloquial:
3) low colloquial.
According to the relations between their form and meaning, all colloquial words may be divided into three subgroups:
1) words which are based on the change of their phonetic or morphological form without changing their lexical and stylistic meaning:
2) words which are the result of the change of both their form and lexico-stylistic meaning;
3) words which resulted from the change of their lexical and/or lexico-stylistic meaning without changing their form.
The first subgroup comprises such varieties of word-form change as:
a) clipping (shortening): serge - sergeant, caff - cafeteria;
b) contamination of a word combination: leggo - let's go, kinda - kind of, c'mon - come on; [gimme, dunno, gonna, wanna]
c) contamination of grammatical forms: I'd go, there's, we're going.
These words have no lexico-stylistic paradigms. They possess denotative meaning only.
Within the second group of colloquialisms, we may distinguish two varieties of the word-form change leading to the alteration of its lexico-stylistic meaning:
a) the change of the grammatical form which brings the change of the lexico-stylistic meaning: heaps - very many, a handful — a person causing a lot of trouble;
b) the change of the word-building pattern which causes the emergence of another lexico-stylistic meaning through:
affixation: oldie, tenner, clippie;
compounding: backroom boy, dip-joint:
conversion: to bag, teach-in;
telescopy: swellegant, flush, fruice;
shortening and affixation: Archie (Archibald);
compounding and affixation: strap-hanger, arty-crafty,
All these words form a lexico-stylistic paradigm as they have synonyms among neutral and literary words and are characterised by various connotations while giving additional characteristics to the denotatum.
The third subgroup of colloquial words is the most numerous and comprises:
a) words with emotive-expressive meaning only: oh, bach, ah as well as word combinations having a special expressive function: never, Good (Great) heavens, God forbid;
b) words and word combinations having both connotative and denotative meaning where the former one prevails: terribly, you don't say so, did he really;
c) words in which denotative and connotative meanings interplay: bunny — a waitress, colt-team - young team;
d) words in which denotative meaning in certain contextual conditions gives rise to a new connotative meaning: affair - business, to have an affair- to be in love, beggar - poor person, lucky beggar- lucky person;
e) words denotative and connotative meanings of which are completely different from their former meanings: chanter (poetic) - a singer; chanter (col.) - a person who sells horses at the market.
Slang is composed of highly colloquial words whose expressiveness and novelty make them emphatic and emotive as compared to their neutral synonyms.
We can distinguish two varieties of slang: general slang (interjargon) and special slangs (social as well as professional jargons). Some of the former slangisms may enter the colloquial or even the neutral layer of the vocabulary (phone, flu, sky-scraper). Novelty is the most impressive feature of slang. As it disappears, they lose their expressiveness.
Vulgarisms are the words which are not generally used in public. However, they can be found in modern literature nowadays, though formerly they were tabooed or marked by the initial letters only.
Dialectal words ('ud - would, 'im - him, 'aseen - have seen, canna - cannot, dinna-don't, sportin - sporting) are used to intensify the emotive and expressive colouring of speech which is primarily determined by the peculiarities of social or geographical environment.
Conversational words of all kinds are widely used for stylistic purposes. There are four speech spheres in which they are mostly largely used: everyday speech, newspaper language, poetry, and fiction.
In newspaper language, colloquial words and word combinations, and sometimes general slang words, are used to give an expressive evaluation of facts and events. In modern poetry, words of all layers are most widely used. Lyrical poetry allows the usage of various non-poetic words to create the atmosphere of sincerity, confidence etc. Slang words in fiction (mostly in dialogues) add to the informality and emotiveness of the character's speech alongside with indicating social and speech peculiarities of the personages.