3. Разбейте текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте их.

4. Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя подходящие клише из представленных ниже:

the characteristics of ... are discussed, the use of ... is discussed, the effects of ... are examined, the method of ... is explained, the data on ... are presented, the results of ... are evaluated, the relation between ... is investigated, a review of … is presented, factors of ... are considered, the theoretical basis of ... is discussed.

Грамматика.

8. Сослагательное наклонение. Функция глаголов should, would. Модальные глаголы.

Упражнения.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции выделенных глаголов:

1. The programmer has the same control over the computer operation that he would have if he wrote in machine language.

2. The addition of one number to another might have the form AD X3 in assembler language and 34071245 in machine language.

3. These should be studied and understood before preparing a program.

4. Humans should find it easy and effective to preparing a computer task in compiler language.

II. Найдите предложения, в которых глаголы should и would употреблены в сослагательном наклонении. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. If automatic control had been used, many variable parameters сould have been measured and controlled.

2. The analogue machine is a physical analogy to the problem, and therefore the more complicated the problem, the more complicated the machine should be.

3. Had they applied the new methods of atomic control, the results would have been much better.

4. Whenever necessary, we should try to replace the human controller by some form of automatic controller.

5. No attention would be needed from the human operator, once the starting data and the method of computation had been set into the machine.

6. Experience indicated that we should gain more information by making a large number of fast parameter studies.

7. The first machine which would add numbers mechanically was invented by the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 1643.

8. If the entry had been 1111, the incoming code would have been known to contain an error.

3. Переведите следующий текст:

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which, when executed by a digital computer, yield the solution of a specific problem or perform specific functions. Each computer and each programming language has its own unique repertoire, method of operation, etc. These should be studied and understood before preparing a program on a specific language for execution by a specific computer.

A computer has the ability to automatically execute a program stored within itself. During execution of the program, the computer performs various digital operations (adding two numbers, moving data in and out of storage, reading in or printing out data, etc.). If the stored program is changed, the actions of the computer change. Thus, the computer actions depend on both the configuration of the computer hardware (physical computer equipment) and the software (programs stored within the computer). A given computer capability can be provided either by hardware alone or by a combination of hardware and software. The choice of a given mixture of hardware and software depends on factors such as cost, speed, ease of maintenance, and flexibility.

There are three nominal levels of programming language: machine language, assembler language, and compiler language.

Machine Language

In the machine-language programming level, the programmer writes the program exactly as stored in the computer. Very little programming is done at this level as it is extremely tedious, and when errors are found it is hard to correct them. The machine-language level is useful in the initial operation of a computer when no other techniques are available, in repair of a faulty computer, and in the debugging of programs when other technique fail and the program must be examined at the machine-language level.

Assembler Language

In the assembler language level, the programmer generally writes one program instruction or one program constant for each memory location occupied by the program. Thus, the programmer has the same direct control over the computer operation that he would have if he wrote in machine language. However, the assembler language offers the programmer many aids such as the following.

(A) The form of the assembler language is easier for humans to use. For example, each instruction in assembler language is divided into a few easily understood fields; each instruction in machine language is a string of digits not easily understood. Thus, the addition of one number to another might have the form AD X3 in assembler language and 34071245 in machine language.

(B) In assembler language, much of the detail of the machine language can be ignored.

Compiler Language

The compiler language is an intermediate step between common human language and machine language, and is an attempt to satisfy both human and computer requirements. Thus, humans should find it easy and effective to program a computer task in compiler language, while means must be provided to automatically and quickly transform that program into machine language.

The time and effort to write a typical program in compiler language is a small fraction of the time to write the equivalent program in assembler language. Programs in commonly used compiler languages can be processed and executed in a large variety of computers, while assembler languages are usually limited to a given machine or family of machines.

Вопросы и задания.

I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is programming?

2. What does the computer action depend on?

3. What should be known before preparing a program on a specific language for execution by a specific computer?

4. What operations does the computer perform during execution of the program?

II. Дополните предложения, руководствуясь содержанием текста:

1. Very little programming is done at ... ... level as it is extremely tedious.

2. Programs in commonly used ... ... can be processed in a large variety of computers.

3. The ... ... level is useful in the initial operation of a computer.

4. The … ... offers the programmer many aids.

5. To write a typical program in compiler language is much quicker than to write the equivalent program in ... ...

III. Найдите неправильные утверждения:

1. The choice of hardware and software depends on such factors as cost, speed, ease of maintenance and flexibility.

2. The physical computer equipment is termed software.

3. A computer has the ability to automatically execute a program stored within itself.

4. The machine-language level is useful when no other techniques are available.

5. An instruction in assembler language is a string of digits not easily understood.

IV. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово или словосочетание и дополните предложения:

1. A given computer ... can be provided by a combination of hardware and software. (maintenance, capability, repair, instruction)

2. Very little programming is done at the machine -language level as it is extremely … (useful, tedious, typical, unique)

3. The assembler language offers the programmer many … (details, attempts, aids, fields)

4. The machine-language level is useful in the … operation of a computer. (final, tedious, initial, available)

5. In … level the programmer generally writes one program instruction. (the machine language, the assembler language, the compiler language, a specific language)

6. An attempt to satisfy both human and computer requirements is … (machine language, the assembler language, the compiler language, the variety of languages)

7. The programs stored within the computer are termed … (hardware, machine language, memory location, software)

8. Programming is the process of preparing … which yield the solution of a specific problem.(method of operation, set of instructions, execution of a program, string of digits)

9. A computer has the ability to automatically ... the program stored within itself.(satisfy, execute, choose, ignore)

10. Each computer has each programming language has its own … (hardware, execution, instruction repertoire, requirements)

11. The physical part of a computer is termed … (hardware, machine language, memory locations, software)

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