Методические указания

по внеаудиторному чтению для студентов 3-го курса

(специальности: ЭВТ, радио, приборостроение)

Грамматика

I. Независимый причастный оборот, каузативные глаголы

Упражнения.

I. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот:

1. The operator was starting the machine, other operators helping him.

2. Electronic computers working at high speed, the human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

3. Digital computers employing two-state type of circuits, data and instructions must be handled in binary form.

4. It is necessary to draw a distinction between calculating machines and computers, the former requiring manual control for each arithmetic step and the latter having the power to solve a complete problem automatically.

5. Modern digital computers operating with tremendous speed, it is widely used in science and engineering.

6. We are facing the task of continuous planning the national economy, the number of electronic computers growing permanently.

7. With automatic having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.

8. The field of application of electronics having considerably grown, we can perform now many industrial processes with unheard accuracy.

9. The test being over, the students checked up the results.

10. Robots liberating technology from the limitations of human system, they are widely used in modern industry.

II. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие каузативные глаголы.

1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение глагола “to cause”:

Instructions cause the machine to carry out all necessary operations.

2. Вспомните, какие глаголы употребляются в значении “заставлять”, “вынуждать”.

3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. A computer can be made to work rhythmically in two-beat time.

2. The student is forced to take an active part in the learning process.

3. A fault detected in a machine causes an alarm to be set and the computer may be removed from the system.

4. The instruction forces a code to be sent to the external unit.

III. Переведите текст и выпишите предложение, содержащее независимый причастный оборот.

THE DIGITAL COMPUTER’S WORK

There are five main units in a digital computer: an input unit which accepts the data, a memory unit for storing and holding the information until it is required, an arithmetical unit which carries out the arithmetical or logical operations on the data according to a set of coded instruments, an output unit for displaying the results of the arithmetical operations, and a control unit which coordinats the operations of the other units.

Most digital computers operate with numbers in the binary system. In the binary system of numbering there are only two ciphers: 0 and 1.

Decimal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

Binary: 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010.

The advantage of the binary system is that only two-state devices are required to represent any number. Now two-state devices such as a simple switch, relay, valve or semiconductor diode, which are either on or off, are the simplest, cheapest and fastest components available. This is why digital computers consist mainly of very large numbers of two-state devices and the processes taking place are the rapid changes in these devices from one state to the other in ordered groups and chains.

In modern digital computers the memory or store is usually a collection of a large number of tiny magnets which have two distinct magnetic states, one of them representing zero and the other unity. One state is converted very rapidly into the other by an electrical pulse and each little magnet is identified by a number called the ‘address’. The control unit, consisting of a collection of electronic switches, selects numbers from the store according to a set of instructions and manipulates them as required by the calculation. The skill in using the computer is mainly in devising the best and most economical programme: i.e. setting up a series of instructions in a language which the machine understands, which cause it to carry out all necessary operation. An instruction may be:’ Add number in address 615 to number in address 670’, or ‘Repeat previous instructions’.

The instructions are carried out in the arithmetic unit, which is made up of a number of electronic circuits which serve as registers and are called accumulators. Arithmetic units are capable of addition, multiplication, subtraction and division and elementary logical operations.

Data or information is supplied to the computer through the input unit and may take many forms. These include punched paper tape, punched cards, magnetic tape, magnetic cards, signals from electric typewriter, data transmitted by wire among others. Whatever the form of the input data the input unit must translate the information into digital electronic signals when the programme asks for it. Modern high-speed digital computers gave tremendous appetites for information and there has been much research and effort in devising ways of feeding in data quickly and accurately.