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Part I borrowings as an object of linguistic investigation

In the first chapter "Borrowings as an object of linguistic study" the issue of adaptation of English borrowings in modern Ukrainian language is analyzed, different aspects of their usage are explored, the phenomenon of penetration of English terms into the Ukrainian language system is analyzed, the research material and methods of analysis that is necessary linguistic foundation for the study of word formation potential borrowing is defined.

Borrowing is an element of foreign Language (word, morpheme, syntactic structure, etc), which was transferred from one language to another as a result of language contacts, as well as the process of transition elements of one language to another.

Usually words are borrowed rather than syntactic and phraseological expressions. Borrowings of some sounds and derivational morphemes (suffixes, prefixes, roots) occur in the process of their second selection from the majority of borrowed words. Borrowings adapt to the target language, and sometimes they become so assimilated that the foreign origin of such words is not felt by native speakers and may be found only through etymological analysis.

The term "borrowing" can be used in the linguistic literature in two senses. In the view of linguistic theory, the interaction of two language systems, borrowing is called one of the ways that enriches the vocabulary [3; p. 14]. It also indicates the process of entering and adapting borrowed lexims, and the result of this process is borrowed words. This term is a generic concept of the terms "foreign word" and "learned word" being on a particular level of adaptation to the recipient language.

Foreign words are considered to be borrowed ones, phonetically and grammatically designed from the model of a foreign language. Those that go through the adoption to the language of the recipient, changing sounds, becoming declined as the result of the appearance of inflexions, revealing word formation activity and even form new lexico-semantic variants are fully mastered by the language. The degree of the borrowings' assimilation depends on their belonging to the general or special vocabulary, the availability of social order, need for word, on the specifics of semantics, borrowing period (hypothesis Ponomareva O.D.).

There are certain criteria for establishing international character of borrowings: the formal, semantic and "quantitative" traits. The specific features of the lexical internationalisms are interlingual similarities in both the content and expressions. What concerns quantitative traits of the internationalisms, it must work at least in three languages with not neighbouring language families.

Functioning of the loan words in the language requires normalization according to the criteria of literary language. According to researchers, the normalization of borrowings gradually moves from the study of purely linguistic aspects of loan words to the sociolinguistic ones, that requires a theoretical justification of the consistent and unconflicting normative approach to the normalization of the borrowings, particularly to the problem of the conscious regulation borrowing processes from English by the public.

Researchers define the normativity of linguistic units by the statistical and aesthetic criteria. Borrowing research participation in the derivation process in accordance with the rules of the Ukrainian word building helps partially to solve the problem of normalization of the borrowings under the system of the Ukrainian language [17 p. 19].