Varieties of c.A.:

• Qualitative (based on pure analysis of the meaning of a ling. Unit)

• Quantitative (deals with the occurrence of ling. Peculiarities in the material analysis)

33. Grounded theory - 1 of the most prominent theories among the so-called qualitative approaches to data analysis.

Research strategy of GT:

• The individual case as an independent unit of investigation.

• The continuity b/w everyday and scientific thought.

• Openess in social science terminology: terms, concepts and categories decoding of reality.

The data material of GT usually consist of text, transcribed interviews, observation report.

The whole field of the social sciences and the humanities suitable for application GT.

The basic idea of the grounded theory approach is to read (and re-read) a textual database (such as a corpus of field notes) and "discover" or label variables (called categories, concepts and properties) and their interrelationships.

Open coding is the part of the analysis concerned with identifying, naming, categorizing and describing phenomena found in the text.

Axial coding is the process of relating codes (categories and properties) to each other, via a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. To simplify this process, rather than look for any and all kind of relations, grounded theorists emphasize causal relationships, and fit things into a basic frame of generic relationships.

Selective coding is the process of choosing one category to be the core category, and relating all other categories to that category. The essential idea is to develop a single storyline around which all everything else is draped. There is a belief that such a core concept always exists.

35.Narrative analysis.

Narrative can be characterised by:a) Accounts which contain an element of transformation (ie. change over time);b) Accounts containing some kind of action and characters;c)That are brought together in a plot line.

Narrative research refers to any study that analyses narrative materials, which can range from ‘naturally occurring’ narratives to oral life stories collected for research purposes to written narratives found in the private, public or political realms.Narrative analysis mainly focuses on written or oral texts.

The current popularity of narrative analysis is largely due to the ‘narrative’ or ‘linguistic’ turn in the social sciences. Much of narrative analysis is based on the notion that how experiences are reconstructed and interpreted is important in itself.

Narrative analysis:

     focuses on “the ways in which people make and use stories to interpret the world”

     does NOT treat narratives as stories that transmit a set of facts about the world, and is not primarily interested in whether stories are ‘true’ or not (so is closer to social contructionism than positivist approach)

     views narratives as social products that are produced by people in the context of specific social, historical and cultural locations

     views narratives as interpretive devices through which people represent themselves and their worlds to themselves and to others

38.Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice and focuses on the ways social and political domination are visible in text and talk.

Fairclough developed a three-dimensional framework for studying discourse, where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts(considers the text's syntax, metaphoric structure and certain metorical devises), analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and consumption) and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice.

Although CDA is sometimes mistaken to represent a 'method' of discourse analysis, it is generally agreed upon that any explicit method in discourse studies, the humanities and social sciences may be used in CDA research, as long as it is able to adequately and relevantly produce insights into the way discourse reproduces (or resists) social and political inequality, power abuse or domination. That is, CDA does not limit its analysis to specific structures of text or talk, but systematically relates these to structures of the sociopolitical context.