2. Text linguistics and adjacent disciplines.

1. cognitive science.

Texts are one of the centers of interest in this field. Textual communication is the most elaborately & subtly differentiated system of human symbolic behavior.

2. sociologists are concerned with notions like ‘symbolic’ interaction & ‘strategic interaction’. Texts are used to study social and class differences.

3. anthropologists investigate folktales, rituals & other cultural institutions centered around the use of certain text types.

4. psychiatrists & consulting psychologists depend on therapeutic discourse for the discovery & treatment of mental illness.

5. methodology of language teaching:

• Reading

• Teaching of writing

• Translation studies

6. semiotics (the study of signs):

• Types of signs

• Any meaningful sign combination is a text.

• Semiotic texts

7. computer science

3. Syntactics as a linguistic discipline. The difference between language sign and language unit. Relationships between signs: modularity, interaction.

S - the branch of semiotics that deals with the formal properties of symbol systems.

S – is a linguistic discipline which studies the rules of combinative power of language sign.

A language sign – is a bilateral language unit (L.u.).

Language signs form a sign system called language. The language sign is a unity of the plane of content and plane of expression.

A word is regarded as the most typical language sign. L.u. are elements of the language system which have different functions and meanings. In the narrow sense combinations of basic language signs constitute language levels: phoneme – phonemic levels; morphemes – morphemic levels.

In the broader sense an extensive range of different phenomena is called language signs (phonemes, words, sentences).

Language can be viewed as a modular.

Modularity is a model where the components are considered to be independent of each other.

Interaction – a model where the components are seen to interlock and control each other.

Modular systems are far easier to design since additions/ modifications affect elements, but they are very inefficient operating systems for the use of language in real time.

The real communicative behavior can be explained only of language is modeled as an interactive system. The correlation between levels cannot be ignored.

4. Syntagmatic/ paradigmatic relations.

Lingual units stand to one another in 2 types of relations:

• Syntagmatic;

• Paradigmatic.

Syn. Relations are immediately near relations between units in a segmental sequence.

In the sentence the words are syntagmatically related.

Morphemes within the words are connected syntagmatically.

Phonemes are connected syn. with the morphemes and words these are the process of assimilation and dissimilation.

The combination of two words/ word groups, one of which is modified by another, forms a unit which is referred to as a syntactic syntagma.

Types of national syntagmas:

• Predicative (subject + object)

• Objective (verb + its object)

• Attributive (noun + its attribute)

• Adverbial (a combination of a modified notional word, such as a verb, adverb).

Paradigmatic opposed to syntagmatic.

These series are founded on the correlations of synonymy & antonimy.

In the sphere of phonology such series are built up by the correlations of the phonemes on the basic of vocality & consonantism, the factor of nosalisation.

Grammar paradigmatic relations are manifested in grammatical numbers & cases, persons & tenses, sets of sentence patterns of different functional nature.