Вариант 4

1. Переведите тексты на русский язык.

At the Wipple Museum

An exhibition called “Empires of Physics” at the Wipple Museum for the History of Science in Cambridge is a reflection of the importance of science and advances in technology in the development of both German and British imperialism during the latter part of the 19^th century.

It was the time when the great exhibitions had their “hay day”. Millions of visitors flocked to these international shows to see the latest inventions and technical achievements. Meanwhile physicists struggled to understand the basic principles needed for the development of things like international telegraph cables and new types of engines.

Simon Shaffer, head of the Department of the History and Philosophy of Science, speaks on the sort of problems Victorian physicists were working on:

“The main areas of interest for late 19^th century physicists are electricity, magnetism and heat. They are the sources of power, they are the principles that drive the new machines and produce the new forms of work. And so, the basic problem was to work out ways of calculating the value of electric work, magnetic work and heat work. So with collaboration with our colleagues in Germany, we’ve tried to rebuild some of the working machines and the new engines of the period. These are machines which relied on electric current, on strong magnets, and on big heat engines.

What exactly are we looking at here? It looks like a large wheel with metal coils on it. It’s tied up with a big battery. This is really a very early version of an electromagnetic motor. It was built by a German Physicist Jacoby in the 1830’s.

The principle is very simple, but the effect is very dramatic. You use an old battery to drive current through a system of electric wires wound round magnets and this makes a large wheel turn very rapidly. So, this is a way of turning electro-chemical power into a great deal of mechanical power. Jacoby in the 1830’s, in fact, tried to use it in St. Petersburg to drive a boat across the River Neva. He felt this electromagnetic machine was something which could rival the more familiar steam engines or horse power that was used at that time.

Was it viable or was it very energy-inefficient? That’s exactly the question that German and British physicists had to try and answer. In order to know if machine like this is viable you need to compare the amount of work used in the electric battery and the amount of mechanical work getting out of the other end when the wheel begins to spin. And without the precise values of the relationships between chemical work, thermal work and mechanical work which weren’t available to anybody in the 1830’s it’s impossible to know whether this machine is actually economically viable.”

What else is there in the Department of the History and Philosophy of Science? What they have there, are telephones as they were displayed in the 1878 exhibition in Paris. And one of the great attractions of that exhibition was series of telephones – a brand new object. They were set up so that you could listen to the newly built Paris Opera over the telephone while you were in the exhibition across town.

They’ve got a number of working telegraphs including one where you can print on tape your message and a phonograph, a sort of precursor of the gramophone. This phonograph is an original built by Thomas Edison Company. This is one of the ones that were shown in the 1878 exhibition in Paris.

People who had come along to the exhibitions of the 19^th century would marvel at the new inventions and they, probably, bought them. But they were really unaware of what was going on in the laboratories, what were the scientists doing, the experiments that made all this technology possible.

In the earlier exhibitions there were some attempts to educate people as to what was going on inside of laboratories but that desire quickly faded, and by the end of the century entertainment and amusement were higher priorities of the exhibition promoters.

Michael Faraday Laboratory & Museum

This small museum celebrates the career of Michael Faraday (1791-1867), one of the foremost scientists of the 19^th century and often described as the father of electricity. Among his greatest discoveries were the principles behind the electric motor, the transformer and the generator. Life today would be immeasurably different without these insights – all power stations, from coal-fired leviathans to futuristic wind farms, still generate electricity using Faraday’s fundamental principles.

The museum and laboratory are housed in the basement of the Royal Institution, a centre for scientific research and education, founded in 1799. Faraday joined the institution in 1813, and it was here that he conducted most of his pioneering work. The laboratory you see today is a reconstruction of his original work space, based on contemporary paintings and situated exactly in the same location in the building. Set around the room are pieces of Faraday’s original apparatus, including a large electromagnet, a vacuum pump and jars of chemicals.

Next door, the one-room museum traces Faraday’s most important achievements, notably in the field of electromagnetism. The early exhibits include various machines for generating discharges of static electricity. One such, the so-called Great Cylinder Machine, is accompanied by an insulated stool, presumably to prevent the scientist experiencing the discharge through his own body. Also here are some of the earliest batteries in existence.

Three exhibits commemorate Faraday’s greatest contributions: a reconstruction of the apparatus in which he first saw the principle of the electric motor (a wire carrying electrical current was seen to rotate around a magnet); the first transformer ever made; and the first electrical generator (a magnet passed in and out of a coil of wire produced electrical current in the wire). All three inventions are still fundamental to the way electricity works today.

Other highlights include a sample of Benzene ( which Faraday discovered), a so-called electric egg, used for studying electrical discharge in gases, and some of the great man’s personal possessions – an engraved watch, a dressing case and an array of medals received in recognition of his work

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

1. more familiar; 6. so-called;

2. metal coils; 7. pioneering work;

3. foremost contribution; 8. steam engine;

4. as well; 9. horse power;

5. engraved watch; 10. to be viable

3. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. отражение важности науки; 6. тем временем;

2. ломать голову; 7. конец ХIХ столетия;

3. Уипловский музей истории 8. основополагающие

науки; принципы;

4. количество работы 9. достижения техники;

электрической энергии;

5. пропустить ток; 10.источники энергии

4. Найдите в тексте однокоренные слова, определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

1. reflect; 6. invent;

2. collaborate; 7. relation;

3. achieve; 8. rapid;

4. exhibit; 9. attract;

5. measurably; 10. locate

5. Задайте к предложению все типы вопросов: общий, альтернативный, специальный (а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения), разделительный:

So, this is a way of turning electro-chemical power into a great deal of mechanical power.

6.Найдите и выпишите из данных предложений случаи следующих грамматических явлений: группа времен Indefinite в действительном и страдательном залогах, модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, степени сравнения прилагательных, притяжательный падеж и множественное число имени существительного:

1. Millions flocked to these international shows to see the latest of inventions and technical achievements.

2. It’s tied up with a big battery.

3. That’s exactly the question that German and British physicists had to answer.

4. They were set up so that you could listen to the newly built Paris Opera over the telephone while you were in the exhibition.

5. In order to know whether a machine like this is viable you need a way of comparing the amount of work that’s being used in the electric battery and the amount of getting out of the other end when the wheel begins to spin.