Вариант 2

1. Переведите тексты на русский язык.

A. Einstein and His Theory of Relativity

Does time really slow down? Do objects get shorter and become heavier at high speeds? Experiments of other scientists prove that Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity is correct. No experiments prove it wrong.

Ten years after his paper on the Special Theory of Relativity Einstein published another paper. It described what he called his General Theory of Relativity. It offered new ideas about gravity and about the close relationship between matter and energy. He developed a simple mathematical statement that measured the amount of energy in matter. It is E equals mc squared: E=mc. “E” is the energy in a piece of matter, “m” is the mass of the matter, “c “ is the speed of light multiplied by itself.

This statement or formula showed the great amount of energy that could come from a tiny piece of matter. It explained how the Sun could give off heat and light for millions of years. Einstein’s formula also led to the discovery of atomic energy.

Einstein won a Nobel prize in physics in the year 1921. He received the award not for his theories of relativity but for his discovery of the Law of the Photoelectric Effect. This law explained how and why some metals give off electrons after light falls on their surfaces. This discovery led to the development of modern electronics including radio and television.

Einstein became a famous man but he had few close friends. “It is strange”, he wrote, “to be known by so many and, yet, to be so lonely”. He was a religious man who saw God in Nature. “What I see in Nature”, said Einstein “is something magnificent that we can understand only imperfectly”.

Einstein left Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. He said he would stay in the country where there was political liberty, toleration and equality of all citizens under law. Einstein came to the United States to continue his research. He worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Einstein spent the last 25 years of his life working on what he called the Unified Field Theory. He hoped to find a common mathematical statement that could tie together all the different fields of physics. It was work that Einstein never completed. In 1955 Albert Einstein died. He was 76 years old.

His brain now is in the central state of Kansas. It belongs to a retired medical doctor Thomas Harvey. How did this happen and why?

The story begins in the 1950s. Albert Einstein and Thomas Harvey knew each other when they both lived in the town of Princeton, New Jersey. Einstein was working at Princeton University, Dr. Harvey was working at Princeton Hospital. When Einstein died Dr. Harvey was called on to examine his body. It was then that he started what has become a long time examination of Einstein’s brain. His goal is to discover some physical evidence of the scientist’s genius.

Dr. Harvey, however, did not tell Einstein’s family that he had kept the great man’s brain. It was only later that the family learned of Dr. Harvey’s work. They did not like the idea at first. After Dr. Harvey explained the idea to them they agreed to permit him to study the brain.

Dr. Harvey, then, asked two other scientists to help. They cut the brain into three pieces. They marked each piece before placing it in containers with the chemical formaldehyde to protect it. They also prepared several extremely tiny pieces of the brain for study.

Dr. Harvey has been studying Einstein’s brain since then. He has carried it with him as he moved from job to job, from place to lace. He has also loaned parts of the brain to other scientists for study. Only one researcher has found anything yet. A doctor at the University of California found that the left part of Einstein’s brain had more glyocells than normal. Glyocells are known to feed neurons. She says this may mean that the cells could affect intelligence. Dr. Harvey says he does not think Einstein would mind the research. After all, Dr. Harvey says, Einstein was a scientist!

A Link Between Humans and Apes?

The Afar area of Ethiopia again has provided valuable evidence of what may be the link between humans and their early ancestors. Scientists recently announced the discovery of three-million-year-old headbones of a creature called australopithecos afarensis. The scientists believe the apelike creature may be the link between the development of humans and great apes. They say the australopithecos afarensis is the first known human creature that probably developed from the ancestors of both humans and apes.

The first small bones were found in a dry river in Ethiopia’s Afar in 1992, A scientist from Tel Aviv University in Israel discovered the first few parts of the fossil skull. Later, about two hundred pieces of the skull were found and put together. They provided about 75% of the creature’s head.

Researchers say the skull is from a large male creature about 122-cm tall. They say it had a small brain and looked very much like an ape. The researchers believe the creature was old when it died. Scientists say the skull and about 50 other fossil bones found in the area are evidence that the apelike creatures lived in East Africa for nearly one million years.

The bones of another australopithecos afarensis were found in almost the same area fifteen years ago. Although most of its head was not found scientists knew it was a female. They called the creature “Lucie”. Experts say the new skull is from the same kind of creature but they say it lived about two hundred thousand years earlier than Lucie. They say the fossil skull bones show the humanlike creatures did not change or develop during the time. Scientists say creatures like Lucie and the newly discovered one lived successfully in Eastern Africa for three to four million years. They do not know what changes may have happened that led to the development of different creatures that became modern humans.

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

1. valuable evidence; 6. mathematical statement;

2. first known; 7. amount of energy;

3. both humans and apes; 8. extremely tiny;

4. fossil bones; 9. to affect intelligence;

5. the same area; 10. at first

3. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. австралопитек афарский; 6. частица материи;

2. обезьяноподобное существо; 7. атомная энергия;

3. ископаемый череп; 8. закон фотоэлектрического

эффекта;

4. современные люди; 9. длительное

исследование;

5. тесная взаимосвязь; 10. физические

свидетельства

4. Найдите в тексте однокоренные слова, определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

1. develop; 6. discover;

2. research; 7. perfect;

3. success; 8. tolerate;

4. relation; 9. equal;

5. relative; 10. relate

5. Задайте к предложению все типы вопросов: общий, альтернативный, специальный (а). к подлежащему, б. к второстепенному члену предложения), разделительный:

Einstein’s formula also led to the discovery of atomic energy.

6. Найдите и выпишите из данных предложений случаи следующих грамматических явлений: группа времен Indefinite в действительном и страдательном залогах, модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, степени сравнения прилагательных, притяжательный падеж и множественное число имени существительного:

1. Do objects get shorter and become heavier at high speeds?

2. It is strange to be known by so many and, yet, to be so lonely.

3. When Einstein died Dr. Harvey was called on to examine his body.

4. She says, this may mean that the cells could affect intelligence.

5. The bones were found in almost the same area 15 years ago.

7. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What discovery did scientists recently announce of?

2. When were the first small fossil bones found?

3. What happened 15 years ago?

4. When did australopithecos afarensis live?

5. What did Einstein receive a Nobel prize for?

6. What kind of man was Einstein?

7. How old was Einstein when he came to the USA?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту.

9. Составьте реферат текста (10-15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и устно перескажите текст.