Вариант 11

1. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Science and Health Issues

Legend has it that in the fifth century A.D. a beautiful woman kissed the hand of Pope Leo I during Mass. The pope, mortified at feeling desire for the woman, ordered a servant to cut off the offending hand. The Virgin Mary later restored the limb by performing the Miracle of the Severed Hand, an act immortalized in stained glass at the Church of Orsanmichele in Florence.

Many centuries later. Replacing a body part is no longer miraculous, but simply commonplace. From the top of the head to the tips of the toes, nearly every part of the body can be replaced by transplanting organs and tissues from one person to the next or substituting artificial parts for weakened or damaged tissue.

The research in several areas, from building better medical devices to creating artificial organs to growing new ones with the help of stem cells, is progressing.

“How much of the human body is replaceable? I have not come across a part of the body that someone somewhere isn’t working on,” said Dr. Robert Langer, professor of chemical and biomedical engineering at M. I. T. and a pioneer of tissue engineering. “Someday every part will be replaceable, even if that day is centuries away.”

Let’s sum up the researchers’ practical achievements for today.

Brain. A pacemaker-like device can be implanted to calm tremors, and a shunt can be inserted to drain fluid in hydrocephalus. Researchers now know the brain can grow new cells, particularly in the learning and memory centers. In mice, neural stem cells have been used to replace brain cells lost to strokes or cerebral palsy.

Eyes. The cornea can be transplanted, and researchers hope to make an implantable microchip to restore vision.

Ears and nose. Cochlear implants can restore hearing. Prosthetic noses and external ears can replace lost ones.

Hair can be moved, follicles and all, from the back and sides to the top of the head.

Teeth. Unlike sharks, we cannot re-grow teeth, but implants replace lost teeth and roots. And recently researchers implanted pigs’ tooth cells near the intestines of rats. In five months, tooth crowns formed.

Voice box. Researchers are now working with the singer Julie Andrews, whose vocal cords were scarred by surgery. They hope to create artificial material to replace portions of vocal cord or use tissue engineering to grow new ones.

Lungs can be transplanted, and scientists are studying temporary artificial lungs.

Nerves. In a transplant, a donor nerve forms a scaffold to bridge a missing segment of nerves. Eventually, the nerves regenerate.

Skin can be transplanted from one part of the body to another. Experts have developed artificial skin that meshes with a burn victim’s own skin, allowing it to regenerate.

Liver, kidney. Dialysis machines are in use for kidneys and being tested for livers. Experiments are under way for an artificial liver and a kidney that combines human tissue with a pumping mechanism.

Blood vessels of synthetic material, sometimes combined with human tissue, can replace arteries and veins.

Pancreas. An artificial pancreas checks diabetic patients’ blood sugar, calculates how much insulin they need, and signals an implanted pump to send out the right dose. In mice, killing the cells responsible for diabetes leads the pancreas to regenerate cells that produce insulin. Researchers hope to try the same experiments in humans

Bones. Metal rods or natural grafts can replace broken or shattered ones. Now artificial bones are being made of plastic; after about two months, what’s left of natural bone tissue bonds with the artificial material, which is eventually absorbed into the body. Researchers are experimenting with polymer scaffolding that fuses with bone cells.

Legs. Recently a 13-year-old British girl with cancer became the first recipient of a “bionic leg”, a bone implant that mimics natural growth with the help of an electromagnetic device.

Joints. Knee, finger, hip, elbow and shoulder joints can be replaced with metals, plastics or ceramics. Toes are sometimes transplanted from the feet to replace fingers.

Now scientists are trying to find methods to re-grow fingers – and someday even limbs – with tricks that sound like magic spells from a Harry Potter novel.

There’s the guy who sliced off a fingertip but grew it back, after he treated the wound with an extract of pig bladder. And the scientists who grew extra arms on salamanders. And the lab mice with the eerie ability to heal themselves.

This summer, scientists are planning to see whether the powdered pig extract can help injured soldiers re-grow parts of their fingers.

The implications for re-growing fingers go beyond the cosmetic. People who are missing all or most of their fingers, as from an explosion or a fire, often can’t pick things up, brush their teeth or button a button. If they could grow even a small stub, it could make a huge difference in their lives

The lessons learned from studying re-growth of fingers and limbs could someday help people replace damaged parts of their hearts and spinal cords, and heal wounds and burns with new skin instead of scar.

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

1. tissue engineering; 6. blood sugar;

2. to regenerate cells 7. cerebral palsy;

3. stained glass; 8. to restore hearing;

4. voice box; 9. artificial lungs;

5. no longer miraculous; 10. pumping mechanism

3. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. имитировать естественный 6. вырабатывать инсулин;

рост;

2. голосовые связки; 7. стволовые клетки;

3. дренировать жидкость; 8. костная ткань;

4. замена части тела; 9. срастаться с

искусственным материалом;

5. поврежденная ткань; 10. недостающий сегмент

4. Найдите в тексте однокоренные слова, определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

1. grow; 6. replace;

2. weak; 7. eventual;

3. generate; 8. place;

4. pump; 9. explode;

5. mortal; 10. differ

5. Задайте к предложению все типы вопросов: общий, альтернативный, специальный (а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения), разделительный:

The implications for re-growing fingers go beyond the cosmetic.

6.Найдите и выпишите из данных предложений случаи следующих грамматических явлений: группа времен Indefinite в действительном и страдательном залогах, модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, степени сравнения прилагательных, притяжательный падеж и множественное число имени существительного:

1. The lessons learned from studying regrowth of fingers and limbs could perhaps someday help people replace damaged parts of their hearts and spinal cords, and heal wounds and burns with new skin instead of scar.

2. Researchers now know that brain can grow new cells, particularly in the learning and memory centers.

3. After about two months what is left of natural bone tissue bonds with the artificial material, which is eventually absorbed into the body.

4. A British girl became the first recipient of a “bionic leg”, a bone that mimics natural growth with the help of an electromagnetic device.

5. Julie Andrews’s vocal cords were scarred by surgery.