Модальные глаголы

Must	должен, нужно, следует (необходимость совершения действия)
need not needn’t	не нужно (отсутствие необходимости, нецелесообразность совершения действия)
Can (could)	мочь, уметь (физическая возможность)
May (might)	можно (разрешение на совершение действия)

Задание 22. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. You must learn all these new words. 2. I can’t translate the text myself. I need your help. 3. You needn’t translate the sentences. 4. May I ask you to wait a little? I am not ready yet. 5. You needn’t go there today. 6. Can you speak English well? – No, I am afraid, I can’t. I must work hard at it. 7. May I smoke here? – Excuse me, but you mustn’t. 8. I cannot translate this text without dictionary. Can you help me? – Excuse me, but I am busy now. I must see Professor N. and speak to him. We can stay after classes and work in the lab together. 9. We can’t investigate criminal cases now.

Задание 23. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Вы должны прийти после занятия в лингафонный кабинет и поработать с этим текстом. 2. Простите, можно войти? 3. Вы не должны опаздывать. 4. Вы можете мне помочь. 5. Я не могу перевести это слово. 6. Вам не надо брать книгу. 7. Простите, здесь можно курить?

§ 14. The equivalents of modal verbs

Эквиваленты модальных глаголов

Can	to be able to	может, способен, в состоянии что-либо сделать
must	to have to to be to should ought to shall	необходимость выполнения действия вследствие сложившихся обстоятельств, т.е. вынужденная необходимость (приходится, вынужден) необходимость кем-то или чем-то предусмотренная, вытекающая из договорённости, приказа, плана и т.п. необходимость как чьё-то субъективное мнение, совет (следует) необходимость того, что по логике вещей следует ожидать при данных условиях уверенность, гарантия, торжественное заверение
May	to be allowed to	может, разрешается сделать что-либо

Задание 24. Замените модальные глаголы эквивалентами и поставьте предложения во временах группы Simple (Present, Past, Future).

1. They may go home.

2. I can get there in time.

3. She must know these legislative acts.

4. You may do this exercise.

5. You must work to pay for your education.

6. I can tell this story myself.

7. He must attend all the lectures.

8. She may take that textbook.

9. He can help you to translate this English article.

10. They must take the tests and exams in January and June.

Задание 25. Переведите предложения.

1. A defendant (in Scotland, called an accused) has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds.

2. If remanded in custody, the person may be visited by a legal adviser to ensure properly prepared evidence.

3. The prosecution should also inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused.

4. If evidence is improperly admitted, a conviction can be quashed on appeal.

5. In England and Wales (and exceptionally in Scotland) a private person may institute criminal proceedings.

6. The public needs to be protected from a dangerous offender.

7. A person can only be detained beyond 36 hours if a warrant is obtained from a magistrates’ court.

8. If the criteria for detention are not satisfied, the person must be released immediately.

9. Questions relating to an offence may normally not be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence or informed that he or she may be prosecuted for it.

10. The Court of Appeal has stated that sentences in England and Wales should examine each case in which custody it necessary.

11. The defendant cannot be tried again for the same offence.

12. A magistrates’ court in England and Wales cannot impose a term of more than six months’ imprisonment for each sentence tried summarily, but may impose consecutive sentences subject to an overall maximum of 12 months’ imprisonment.