- •Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Volume 1
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
- •4.0% Worldwide; 4.2% for the cepi countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
7.10.1 Introduction 887
7.10.2 Intra-Stage Circulation and Circulation between Stages 888
7.10.3 Open and Closed Operation of Bleaching Stages 890
7.10.4 Construction Material Compatibility 893
7.10.5 Implications of Liquor Circulation 893
Contents XV
8 Pulp Purification 933
Herbert Sixta
8.1 Introduction 933
8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide
Solution 935
8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction 942
8.3.1 NaOH Concentration 942
8.3.2 Time and Temperature 944
8.3.3 Presence of Hemicelluloses in the Lye 945
8.3.4 Placement of CCE in the Bleaching Sequence 948
8.3.5 Specific Yield Loss, Influence on Kappa Number 949
8.3.6 Molecular Weight Distribution 951
8.4 Hot Caustic Extraction 952
8.4.1 Influence of Reaction Conditions on Pulp Quality and Pulp Yield 953
8.4.1.1 NaOH Charge and Temperature in E, (EO), and (E/O) Treatments 953
8.4.1.2 Xylan versus R18 Contents 957
8.4.1.3 Purification versus Viscosity 959
8.4.1.4 Purification versus Kappa Number and Extractives 960
8.4.1.5 Composition of Hot Caustic Extract 961
8.4.2 MgO as an Alternative Alkali Source 962
9 Recovery 967
Andreas W. Krotscheck and Herbert Sixta
9.1 Characterization of Black Liquors 967
9.1.1 Chemical Composition 967
9.1.2 Physical Properties 970
9.1.2.1 Viscosity 970
9.1.2.2 Boiling Point Rise (BPR) 970
9.1.2.3 Surface Tension 971
9.1.2.4 Density 971
9.1.2.5 Thermal Conductivity 972
9.1.2.5 Heat Capacity [8,11] 972
9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 973
9.2.1 Overview 973
9.2.2 Black Liquor Evaporation 974
9.2.2.1 Introduction 974
9.2.2.2 Evaporators 975
9.2.2.3 Multiple-Effect Evaporation 977
9.2.2.4 Vapor Recompression 979
9.2.3 Kraft Chemical Recovery 980
9.2.3.1 Kraft Recovery Boiler 980
9.2.3.2 Causticizing and Lime Reburning 986
9.2.3.3 The Future of Kraft Chemical Recovery 992
9.2.4 Sulfite Chemical Recovery 994
XVI Contents
10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production 997
Hans-Ulrich Suss
10.1 Introduction 997
10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development 998
10.3 Emissions to the Atmosphere 1002
10.4 Emissions to the Aquatic Environment 1004
10.5 Solid Waste 1006
10.6 Outlook 1007
11 Pulp Properties and Applications 1009
Herbert Sixta
11.1 Introduction 1009
11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp 1010
11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1022
11.3.1 Introduction 1022
11.3.2 Dissolving Pulp Characterization 1024
11.3.2.1 Pulp Origin, Pulp Consumers 1024
11.3.2.2 Chemical Properties 1026
11.3.2.3 Supramolecular Structure 1041
11.3.2.4 Cell Wall Structure 1047
11.3.2.5 Fiber Morphology 1051
11.3.2.6 Pore Structure, Accessibility 1052
11.3.2.7 Degradation of Dissolving Pulps 1056
11.3.2.8 Overview of Pulp Specification 1060
II Mechanical Pulping 1069
Jurgen Blechschmidt, Sabine Heinemann, and Hans-Ulrich Suss
1 Introduction 1071
Jurgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann
2 A Short History of Mechanical Pulping 1073
Jurgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann
3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp 1075
Jurgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann
3.1 Wood Quality 1075
3.2 Processing of Wood 1076
Contents XVII
3.2.1 Wood Log Storage 1076
3.2.2 Wood Log Debarking 1076
3.2.3 Wood Log Chipping 1078
4 Mechanical Pulping Processes 1079
Jurgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann
4.1 Grinding Processes 1079
4.1.1 Principle and Terminology 1079
4.1.2 Mechanical and Thermal Processes in Grinding 1080
4.1.2.1 Softening of the Fibers 1080
4.1.2.2 Defibration (Deliberation) of Single Fibers from the Fiber
Compound 1083
4.1.3 Influence of Parameters on the Properties of Groundwood 1084
4.1.4 Grinders and Auxiliary Equipment for Mechanical Pulping by
Grinding 1087
4.1.4.1 Pocket Grinders 1089
4.1.4.2 Chain Grinders 1090
4.1.4.3 Pulp Stones 1092
4.1.5 Pressure Grinding 1095
4.2 Refiner Processes 1098
4.2.1 Principle and Terminology 1098
4.2.2 Mechanical, Thermal, and Chemical Processes in the Refiner
Process 1100
4.2.3 Machines and Aggregates for Mechanical Pulping by Refining 1104