- •М.Г. Иксанова English for Students of Programming
- •Введение
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it, define what programming is.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •Introduction to Computer Languages
- •2.Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Translate the following questions and answer them.
- •5. Express your opinion of Machine Language.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Discuss these questions with a partner. Then tell your ideas.
- •1. Read the text, translate it and try to understand what compiling programs are.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •Visual Basic
- •File Type Description
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Draw your conclusion of the text.
- •1. Match the Russian terms on the left with the English equivalents on the right.
- •3. Match the English terms on the left with the Russian ones on the right.
- •2.Complete the sentences with a proper word.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Virtual Pascal
- •Visual FoxPro
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •4. Tell your ideas of the following:
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it. A Brief History of the Java Language
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Draw your own conclusion of the text.
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Look through the text and equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Try to answer the following questions.
- •5. Write a few words about the main idea of the text.
- •1. Translate the following text, try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the terms.
- •4. Translate the questions and answer them.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Try to answer the questions.
- •5. Try to define what a Database is.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •Xml Basics
- •2.Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. After reading the text write down the disadvantages of html (from the author‘s point of view).
- •1. Match the Russian terms with the English ones.
- •2. Match the pairs of words.
- •3. Complete the sentences with a proper word.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •Unit 12
- •1.Read the text, try to express its main idea.
- •2. Look through the text and equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Match the terms on the left with the explanations on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •1. Read the following text and try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Translate the questions and answer them.
- •5. Draw your conclusion of the text.
- •1. Read the text, try to define what cryptography is.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •1. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Write the questions which could cover the content of the text.
- •5. Express your own point of view of the text.
- •1. Match the Russian terms on the left with the English ones on the right.
- •2. Match the English terms with the Russian ones.
- •3. Complete the text with proper words.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •Reading Comprehension Practice Programming languages
- •1. Programming languages
- •2. The authoring system Software
- •Correctness and robustness
- •1. What is e-Commerce?
- •Categories of e-Commerce
- •Advantages of e-Commerce
- •Disadvantages of e-Commerce
- •Building an e-Commerce Site
- •Implementing an e-Commerce Site
- •Calculating
- •Information Retrieval
- •Data-Base Management
- •Intended Viruses
- •Virus Construction Sets
- •Polymorphic Generators
- •Цели курса
- •Иксанова м.Г. Рабочая программа
1. Programming languages
2. The authoring system Software
The physical components of a computer (the hardware) are not useful by themselves. Before they can function as intended, computers need programs to coordinate the activities of these physical components. In addition, they need programs designed to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, payroll calculations, budget analyses, data manipulation, or the presentation of information to students. All such programs are known as software.
A program is a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do. When the computer actually follows the instructions, we say that it executes the program. Computers will do only what they are told; they cannot make inferences or reach decisions by themselves. Consequently, every detail must be provided, because with missing steps or details the program will fail to perform as desired.
Programs of all types share one common feature. They consist of a list of instructions that the central processor can recognize. In reality, we rarely write the instructions that the processor itself needs; rather, we write instructions that are later translated into these by a special program called either a compiler, condenser, or an interpreter, depending on how it performs the translation. At the processor level, instructions are very primitive, consisting of short sequences of bits representing numbers, which makes them difficult to use. Fortunately, instructions have been developed that are more meaningful to people, such as PRINT or GOTO that have meanings similar to their English-language counterparts. These are far easier to use and are called high-level. A whole set of instructions is called a language.
Programs fall into three broad categories: operating systems, programming languages, and application programs. The term software applies to all of these. Just as hardware includes printers, VDU’s, card readers, and a host of other devices, so software includes all the various types of programs that exist. Operating systems control and coordinate the activities or operations of the computer; programming languages enable people to write programs; and application programs consist of the instructions necessary to perform specific tasks. For example, a system program would enable the computer to send the results of a payroll program to a printer.
Operating systems are programs that control the computer and are supplied with it. Part of the operating system controls the operation of the hardware such as activating printers and disk drives. Another part accepts input from the keyboard. Other parts perform tasks like allocating memory to various programs, or determining the order in which programs should be processed.
Each operating system is designed specifically for the computer it controls and thus enables the computer to optimize the use of the hardware features. Unfortunately, some operating systems are so badly written or so poorly documented that this is not always the case. This state of affairs is changing, however, and operating systems are becoming increasingly easy to use. Generally, users cannot and should not make changes to operating systems.
Programming languages. As mentioned earlier, the central processor receives instructions in machine language, a very primitive or low-level form of communication. Because it is so difficult for people to write extensive programs in machine language, there developed very rapidly what became called high-level languages. These are languages that use instructions similar to English words.
An application program is one that performs a specific task or solves a particular problem. It also has the general characteristic that it was either written specifically for a particular purpose, or designed in such a way that it could be tailored to a particular situation.
A school, for example, may use computers extensively to provide instruction and remediation. To keep track of how various students are progressing, it may be necessary to have the computer accumulate the results of each student’s performance and automatically update the student’s records each time new data are obtained. A program that keeps track of grades could first access these records and then print out a composite report for the teacher. Such an application program could be designed specifically for a particular school taking into account some of the unique details of the school’s operation.
Instead of writing this record-keeping program just for one particular school, however, an alternative approach would be to investigate the needs of a number of schools before designing the program, and to incorporate into the program the capability of satisfying many schools’ needs. Each school that implemented the program would have to make minor adjustments to suit its own unique needs. A program like this is also an application program, but it differs from the one above in that it has a general structure and can be manipulated to meet a variety of specific needs. In general, such programs are less expensive to buy because they have a larger market, but they have more constraints built into them.
In the field of educational computing, application programs include instructional programs, programs that handle grades, and various programs that allows a teacher to create and administer tests or drills.
Software, therefore, is what makes computer hardware useful. It consists of all types of programs: those that allow the various parts of a computer to function and to operate together; the languages that enable one to write new programs and the programs that perform specific tasks.
Read the text. Distinguish operating systems, programming languages and application programs, define software.
Software quality
We all want our software systems to be fast, reliable, easy to use, readable, structured and so on. But these adjectives describe two different sorts of qualities. On one side, we are considering such qualities as speed or ease of use, whose presence or absence in a software product may be detected by its users. These properties may be called external quality factors.
Other qualities applicable to a software product, such as being modular, or readable, are internal factors, perceptible only to computer professionals who have access to the actual software text. In the end, only external factors matter. If you use a Web browser or live near a computer-controlled nuclear plant, little do you care whether the source program is readable or modular if graphics take ages to load, or if a wrong input blows up the plant. But the key to achieving these external factors is in the internal ones: for the users to enjoy the visible qualities, the designers and implementers must have applied internal techniques that will ensure the hidden qualities. The internal techniques are not an end in themselves, but a means to reach external software qualities.
Here are the most important external quality factors, whose pursuit is the central task of object-oriented software construction.