- •Institute of Environmental Safety
- •Term Paper
- •Introduction
- •1. Basic types succession, their characteristics
- •1.1. Succession and there factors
- •1.1.Factors
- •1.2 Types of succession
- •1.2 Synhenetychni and endoekohenetychni succession
- •1.3 Ekzohenetychni and holohenetychni succession
- •1.4 Degradation of succession
- •1.5 Succession in forestry
- •1.6 Autotrophic and heterotrophic succession
- •1.7 The concept of menopause
- •2. The causes of ecological succession and their implications
- •2.1 Changes in primary and secondary succession
- •2.2. General laws Succession Process
- •2.3. Іmpact of human activity
- •Conclusions
- •References
1.5 Succession in forestry
Research successional forest biomes has practical value. From their understanding and ability to predict performance depends forests. In the life of the forest time factor plays a big role - says PS Pogrebnyak (1968) - though not obvious to the casual observer. The pace of changes in the composition of the forest is often so slow that they can be represented by a complex of diverse research and through a series of abstractions. Thus the most important feature being the main change is the change in tree species. The scale of time in the woods, there are at least three types of changes:
1. Changing the rocks as a result of ontogeny stands, that the development of individual forest generations, beginning with self-seeding, seedlings and ending with old, who reached the natural ripeness, the tree states.
2. Change the rocks as a result of spontaneous human intervention and external factors in the life of the forest and the process of restoring the natural composition and structure of the forest. These processes are longer than those mentioned above because they cover at best one or two or three generations stands.
3. Change the rocks as a result of large-scale events type of climate change that occur over long periods of time.
Concept alteration of rocks created H.F.Morozov, citing traffic categories that seemed still intact, revealed intimate connection between forests of different composition showed that some of them are derived from others. H.F.Morozov revealed the logic of succession and change of species: spruce and pine - birch and aspen, oak - softwood species, pine - oak, pine and oak - fir, oak - associated species (hornbeam).
As you know, one of the main causes of changes in rocks during the transition in native stands derivatives acting difference in the rate of growth in height. In case of simultaneous settlement and compatible with growth of fast-growing species dominate - birch and aspen, suppressing oak, fir, beech and fir. Subsequently, however, the bedrock that stayed in growth, "occupy" their designated location and nature occupy the first tier ecological community.
Settling under a tent sun-rocks with their characteristic openwork crown, spruce undergrowth eventually merges inside (Figure 3), which dramatically reduces the possibility of short-lived recovery, birch and aspen. Eventually, when a period of their natural maturity (50-60 years), they fall out, forming a ground for fires that prevail throughout the former lawn.
However, when the spruce crown rise so that it will penetrate the leaf tent, "the latter - says PS Pogrebnyak - will come a new" weapon "to fight Smereka: Hardwood will obhlostuvaty spruce crown ... And yet, despite this, spruce continues to grow, and finally, thanks to a significant increase in the length surpasses the height of birch and aspen "(1968).
Smerechnyaky - said PS Pogrebnyak - hosts many fertile habitats in the forest zone. They are indigenous plantings. Birch and aspen stands derivatives that have appeared on the site of Alaska, as described above. However, their presence does not in all cases, indicating that the area formerly owned Smereka. Birch and aspen may appear in place of other types of indigenous trees - pine, oak, beech, spruce, etc.