20

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

National Aviation University

Institute of Environmental Safety

Department of Ecology

Term Paper

on the subject: "Common Ecology"

Topic: “Ecological succession”

Performed by:

student of the group IES-202

Osavolyuk A.O.

Checked by:

Ass. Prof. Radomska M. M.

Kyiv 2014

Сontents

INTRODUCTION

1. BASIC TYPES succession, their characteristics

1.1 Succession and there factors

1.2 Types of succession

1.3 Synhenetychni and endoekohenetychni succession

1.4 Synhenetychni and endoekohenetychni succession

1.5 Succession in forestry

1.6 Autotrophic and heterotrophic succession

1.7 The concept of menopause

2. The causes of ecological succession and their implications

2.1 Changes in primary and secondary succession

2.2. General laws Succession Process

2.3. Іmpact of human activity

Conclusion

References

Introduction

If biogeocoenosis not in a state of emergency or secondary succession, the production, biomass and species richness in it fluctuate around a mean value as a result of processes of self-regulation on the principle of negative feedback. This biogeocoenosis in a state of dynamic equilibrium, or klimaksnomu condition.

The ability to navigate klimaksnoho biogeocoenose in Succession state is determined by the law of one percent, according to which the change of energy of natural systems within 1%, usually does not lead to ecosystem equilibrium, and vice versa. Changing the flow of energy in biogeocoenose more than 1% in the direction of reducing and upwards resulting ecosystem of menopause and translates it into a state of Succession. In this case, because of the many factors that interact mostly impossible to give an accurate prediction kind come succession - progressing or regressing, ie ways of biogeocoenose are unpredictable.

For example is the experience of using DDT (pesticides дихлордифенілтрихлорметану) pest of crops. From agrocenoses, which brought DDT pesticides in various ways acted also in the natural biogeocoenoses. First, the flow was accompanied by a short-term increase in primary production due to the total destruction of insects. But it reduced the effectiveness of pollination of plants. Then komahozapylni plants began to displace other species, mostly weeds, capable of intensive vegetative reproduction. This resulted in decreased production of natural ecosystems and "turned on" during long-term succession.

Consequently, the use DTST led naturally to Biogeocenoses rapidly progressive succession in the future - to fast regressing, and finally - to slow progression.

Unfortunately, people almost universally gave the ecosystem beyond 1% fluctuations in energy flow, thereby increasing the overall instability of the biosphere.

1. Basic types succession, their characteristics

1.1. Succession and there factors

Ecological succession is the observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The community begins with relatively few pioneering plants and animals and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes stable or self-perpetuating as a climax community. The ʺengineʺ of succession, the cause of ecosystem change, is the impact of established species upon their own environments. A consequence of living is the sometimes subtle and sometimes overt alteration of one's own environment.

It is a phenomenon or process by which an ecological community undergoes more or less orderly and predictable changes following a disturbance or initial colonization of new habitat. Succession may be initiated either by formation of new, unoccupied habitat, such as from a lava flow or a severe landslide, or by some form of disturbance, such as from a fire, severe windthrow, logging, of an existing community. Succession that begins in new habitats, uninfluenced by pre-existing communities is called primary succession, whereas succession that follows disruption of a pre-existing community is called secondary succession.

Succession was among the first theories advanced in ecology. The study of succession remains at the core of ecological science. Ecological succession was first documented in the Indiana Dunes of Northwest Indiana which led to efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes. Exhibits on ecological succession are displayed in the Hour Glass, a museum in Ogden Dunes.