Grammar in use Modal verbs and their equivalents

can = to be able to may= to be allowed to [æˊlaud] must=to have to; to be to

I can treat =I am able to treat

He can treat =He is able to treat

They can treat= They are able to treat

We must treat= We have to treat

He may treat = He is allowed to treat

You must treat = You are to treat

Exercise 15. Make the sentences interrogative and negative. Translate them.

1. Microorganisms can be divided into two groups.

2. Aerobic microorganisms had to have atmospheric free oxygen.

3. Bacterial population may double every 9.8 minutes.

4. The growing organism was allowed to increases in size.

5. The process of division is to depend on the environment.

6. Pathogenic bacteria will be able to cause the human death

7. The scientist could observe a rapid growth of microorganisms under the microscope.

8. The doctor has to determine the origin of the disease as soon as possible.

Pay attention! We have to examine. We do not have to examine.

The doctor had to treat. Did the doctor have to treat?

Exercise 16. Put the predicates into the Past and Future using equivalents of the Modal verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Usually bacteria can be seen under the electron microscope.

2. Cetax may be indicated for the treatment of pa­tient with genitourinary infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms.

3. Pneumococci can cause pneumonia.

4. Bacterial infections must be treated with antibiotics.

5. The patient can gain his body weight in some months.

6. In future the patient must avoid stress and physical exertion.

7. Chlamidia may be involved in coronary heart disease.

8. Bacteria may have very different morphologies and metabolisms.

Exercise 17. Choose proper variant of Modal verbs. Read and translate into native language:

In 1876, Robert Koch (1843–1910) established that microbes can/could cause disease. He found that the blood of cattle that were infected with anthrax always had large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. Koch found that he can/could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he can/could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth [brof] бульйон, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness. Based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microbe and a disease and these are now known as Koch's postulates. Although these postulates cannot/could not be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.

Exercise 18. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Frequently bacteria may secrete chemicals into their environment.

2. Disinfectants must be used to kill bacteria.

3. Robert Koch might work on cholera and tuberculosis.

4. First it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who was able to observe bacteria in 1676.

5. The bacterial secretion can act as enzymes.

6. Bacteria have to grow and divide extremely rapidly.

7. The process of division will be able to depend on the conditions of the environment.

8. Scientists were allowed to use different techniques to promote the growth of bacteria.

Exercise 19. Translate into English using Modal verbs or their equivalents:

1. Студенти повинні регулярно відвідувати анатомічний зал.

2. - Можна увійти? Вибачте, я запізнився.

3. Вчора черговий лікар зміг швидко зупинити кровотечу.

4. Хворий повинен був приймати ліки тричі на день.

5. Вибачте, я повинен йти, вже дуже пізно.

6. Патогенні мікроорганізми здатні спричиняти важкі захворювання.

7. Завтра хворий зможе (йому дозволять) вийти на прогулянку.

8. Вся інформація про хворого повинна бути записана в історію хвороби.

Exercise 20. Make up the situation using the following word-combinations:

1. aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

2. bacterial species

3. to increases in size

4. pathogenic bacteria

5. bacterial metabolism and genetics

6. bacteriology

Exercise 21. Explain the terms:

microorganisms

bacteriology