2.2.3. Lexical and grammatical transformations in the translation of fictional discourse synonyms

When performing any translation, and in our case it is about literary translation, the translator needs to reproduce numerous transformations for the most exact transfer of the contents of the text ­ of the original in target language.

As illustrative material, we will give number of both lexical, and grammatical transformations from some stories of the English writer D. G. Lawrence («Жених про запас», «Сут і нки весни», «Спокус­ниця») translated to Ukrainian by the author of this report [3; 4]. So, in offers: "He gave his luggage to a porter" - "«Він віддав багаж носильникові» (the possessive pronoun of "his" "is lowered") [8, page 55]; "He had forgotten he was tired" - «Він забув про втому» [8, page 56] by us ­ has used lexical transformation "omission". Sometimes omission is used owing to lack of need of the translation of each word for ­­ the English offer because of redundancy of information in Russian. Such transformation as addition it is observable in the following offers: "Oh, and this is Friday evening, and Winifred is coming just as she used to - how long ago?" [8, page 58] - «О, сьогодні ж вечір п'ятниці, і як завжди прідетУініфред - як давно« вона приходить?»; - "No - nor I you" - «Ні, і я не очікувала тебе побачити» [8, page 59]; "One goes on - remains in office, so to speak …" - " комусь подобається проводити час так, як ніби він працює в офісі»; [8, page 62]. This reception of transformation is used because ­"compression" is peculiar to English ­[6, page 98]. The English text consists generally of short offers and the use of short words and the squeezed designs is peculiar to British.

For achievement of adequacy of the translated text, the analyzed stories of the writer, translation reception "specification" is used. The specification is such lexical transformation as a result of which the word (term) of wide semantics in the original is replaced with the word (term) of narrow semantics [5, page 300]. Such way of the translation is applied when words with "indistinct" value, for example, of thing are translated, to matter, affair, unit, challenge, range, claim, concern, to go, to get, to come, to leave, to let, to be and others. Let's give examples. "She let Coutts into a small, very warm room that had a dark, foreign sheen, owing to the black of the curtains and hangings covered thick with glistening Indian embroidery and to the sleekness of some Indian ware. " - «Вона провела Куттс в невелику, але затишну кімнату і мала незвичайний вигляд, завдяки чорним штори та гардини, які були покриті товстим шаром блискучої індійської вишивки та глянцем гладких індійських керамічних фігурок [8, page 56]. In this example - "to resolve" verb of "let" it is replaced with narrower contextual value, verb "to carry out", the word "owing" is translated by value "thanking", the word meaning of "ware" - "goods, products" - is translated to narrower - "pottery, figures". In the following example: "The tone of his question had a challenging twang" - «Тон, яким він поставив питання, був зухвало неприємним» [8, p 279]. The word "challenge" has many values at the translation into Ukrainian, but in this context is translated as " зухвалий". "The path through the wood, on the very brow of a slope, ran winding easily for a time" - «Стежина тяглася через ліс, звиваючись, аж до самої вершини схилу» [8, page 279]. In this example verb of "run" - "to run, run" has narrower value "last, coil". Let's pay attention that in this offer ­ it is used not only specification, as well as lexical transformation - "addition". When transfer, at the beginning of the offer we have added the word which was not in the original - "lasted", thereby without having changed sense of the offer of the original. According to domestic V. I rewater Veda. Karaban essence of transformation of addition of the word consists in "introduction to the translation ­ of lexical elements which are absent in the original, for the purpose of the correct transfer of sense of the sentence (original) which is translated, and/or ­ observance of speech and language norms which exist in culture ­ of target language" [5, page 308-309]. In our opinion, in the course of work on the translation, often used transformation is change of word order. It is known that in English, unlike Ukrainian, the word order - ­ fixed, and semantic shades are expressed by other means. For example, "There was silence" - "Has come silence"; "… for a long time neither spoke" - "… both long were silent" [8, page 294]. The word "neither" has negative value and is translated as - neither that nor another, any, anybody (from two). Thus, in this example also such reception as "contextual replacement", namely the antonimichesky translation when it is necessary to replace negative design on affirmative and vice versa is traced. Such transformation as change of grammatical forms, (English passive design), is replaced with active Ukrainian design: "Frances was peculiar for these great, exposed looks, which disconcerted people by their violence and their suddenness" - «Цей довгий, відкритий погляд був властивий Френсіс, він тривожив людей» [8, page 293]; "It of 's got to be killed" - «Його потрібно вбити» [8, page 296]; "I suppose they have to be killed" - «Думаю, що їх треба вбивати» [8, page 297]. As we see, in the given examples, it is not always possible to track ­ application only one, the so-called and often used rewater Veda of "pure" transformation. Translation transformations can ­ be used at the same time, being combined with each other.

Let's note that for adequate translation of texts, have been used by us, both lexical, and grammatical transformations. It is necessary to emphasize that in translation process, translation transformations in pure form are present, but after all they have complex character, we observe their combination. Thus, for the most right or ­­ adequate translation, the translator should use different types of translation receptions, and often the whole complex of transformations as they carry out special function: they are productive from the point of view of generation of translation discrepancies.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of the done research it is possible to draw conclusions that the synonimy decorates the speech not only Ukrainian, but also and English and does it interesting and easy in understanding. Studying of synonimy gives invaluable and really inexhaustible material for penetration into sense of the speech, into sense of language.

Having studied necessary literature on subject of "Synonyms", we managed to allocate some groups of synonyms, for example: full and partial, combinatory and identical and combinatory and nonidentical, identical and various on component structure.

It is necessary to remember that misuse of synonyms conducts to misunderstanding speaking, or in the wrong interpretation of sense of his speech.

The research conducted in this work is caused by aspiration to get into difficult essence of structure of lekskiko-semantic groups, to open the nature of their semantic values as the phenomena of system order, has allowed to make some concrete supervision and conclusions of the semantic problems which are rather put in work, and also to put forward number of questions, concerning sem of ethical perspective in broader and comprehensive manifestation.

One of such questions is directly connected with essence of the semantic importance as linguistic category. In view of that fact that the importance of this or that lexeme in many respects is defined by its system communications in structure of certain lexico-semantic associations we, on the basis of the material considered in work, have come to conclusion that the semantic importance at various lexemes. More this property the lexemes holding the central, key position in the general structure possess.

Thus, the system relations between synonyms, are defined by different factors and are shown at the different levels.

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