2.2.2. Grammatical transformations in the translation of fictional discourse synonyms

The translation from one language on another is impossible without grammatical transformations. Grammatical transformations are first of all reorganization of the offer (change of its structure) and various replacements - both syntactic, and morphological order. Grammatical transformations are caused by various reasons - both purely grammatical, and lexical character though the main role is played by grammatical factors.

By comparison of grammatical categories and forms of English and Ukrainian languages the following phenomena usually are found: 1) absence of this or that category in one of languages; 2) partial coincidence; 3) full coincidence. Need for grammatical transformations naturally arises only in the first and second cases. In Ukrainian, in comparison with English, there are no such grammatical categories as article or gerund, and also infinitive and involved complexes and absolute nominative construction. Partial coincidence or discrepancy in value and the use of the corresponding forms and designs too demands grammatical transformations. Here it is possible to carry such phenomena as partial discrepancy of category of number, partial discrepancy in forms of passive design, incomplete coincidence of forms of infinitive and participle, some distinctions in expression of modality

Replacements - the most widespread and diverse type of translation transformations. In translation process grammatical units - forms of words, parts of speech, sentence parts, types of syntactic link etc. can be exposed to replacement.

a) Replacements of forms of the word

Nobody knew what he meant. Ніхто не знав, що він мав на увазі.

в) Replacements of sentence parts (reorganization of syntactic sentence structure)

When replacing sentence parts of the word and group of words in target text there is reorganization of the syntactic scheme of creation of the offer. The reasons of such reorganization can be various. Most often she is called by need of transfer of "communicative partitioning" of the offer of which it was talked above.

The most usual example of such syntactic reorganization - replacement of English passive design of the Russian active at which the English subject is replaced in the Russian offer with addition, standing at the beginning of the offer; English addition with by pretext at the translation into Russian becomes subject or the subject in general is absent (so-called "indefinite-personal" design); the form of passive voice of English verb is replaced with form of active voice of the Russian verb. For example:

He was given money. Йому дали грошей.

Thus, in most cases at the translation from English on Ukrainian, the Ukrainian offer it is not imposed on English, does not coincide with it on the structure. Often the structure of the Ukrainian offer in translation completely differs from structure of the English offer. In it other word order, other following of parts of the offer, often other order of arrangement of offers - main, additional and introduction. In some cases parts of speech by which members of the English offer are expressed, are transferred respectively by other parts of speech. All this explains wide use of grammatical transformations when transfer.