М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ȾɇɄ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɤɪɢɞɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ȾɇɄ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɢɧɬɟɪɤɚɥɚɰɢɹ), ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɟɺ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɜ ɠɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɞɢɭɦɛɪɨɦɢɞɚ, ɩɪɨɮɥɚɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ⱥɧɬɪɚɰɢɤɥɢɧ, ɯɥɨɪɚɯɢɧ, ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦɢɰɢɧ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɦɢ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɥɢɩɢ-

ɞɨɜ - ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ (ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ) ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ («ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ» ɩɨ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ), ɞɟɬɟɪɝɟɧɬɵ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɚɡɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɹɞɵ ɡɦɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ). Ɋɹɞ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɋɚ2+, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɹ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɚɡɵ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ, ɫɭɛɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ. ɇɟɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ, ɢɥɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (ɝɢɫɬɨɯɢɦɢɹ, ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɢɫɬɨɯɢɦɢɹ). Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ

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ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ȽȺɆɄ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧɚ, ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧɚ, ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ, ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

ɑɚɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ, ɦɟɱɟɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ (ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɝɚɧɞɨɜ). ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɷɦɢɫ- ɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɝɚɧɞɵ (ɫɚɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ), ɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɪɨɧɵ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ.

ɋɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɎɈɋ, ɛɨɬɭɥɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɫɚɤɫɢɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɬɟɬɪɨɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɚɦɚɧɢɬɢɧ). ɑɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ (ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ.

ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚ ɫ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹ

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ɧɟɣɪɨɥɟɩɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɨɣ ɯɨɥɢɧɷɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ (ɷɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɯɨɥɢɧɷɫɬɟɪɚɡɵ).

ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɭ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɤ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɝɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɦ (ɚɤɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɨɦ) ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɝɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ, ɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ (ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɝɚɧɞɚ) ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɨɥɢɧɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ: ɫɤɨɩɨɥɚɦɢɧ, ɚɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ, ɞɢɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ

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ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢ- ɝɚɧɞ-ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ-ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɝɚɧɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ-ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɭ.

3.6 Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ

ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6).

Ɋɢɫ.6. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧ-

ɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ (ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ) ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ, ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ (ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ) ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɹɞ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.

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3.6.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɰɢɬɨɫɤɟɥɟɬɨɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ʉɥɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ. əɞɪɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɢ: ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ. ȼɫɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ: ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɢ, ɷɧɞɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɭɦ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ Ƚɨɥɶɞɠɢ, ɥɢɡɨɫɨɦɵ, ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɫɨɦɵ, ɮɚɝɨɫɨɦɵ, ɫɢɧɚɩɬɨɫɨɦɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ (ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ – ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ; ɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ – ɛɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ (ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɫɥɨɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ (ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ) ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ȼɫɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɜɫɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ (ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɫɥɨɣ) ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 7).

Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ.

ɉɨ ɜɟɫɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ – ɢɡ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɢ

85

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɣ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɨɦ). ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ 20% - ɛɟɥɨɤ + 80% - ɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɞɨ 75% - ɛɟɥɨɤ + 25% – ɥɢɩɢɞɵ. ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ, ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 0,5-10% ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɫɮɢɧɝɨɦɢɟɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɶɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 36, 30 ɢ 22 % ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ; ɟɳɟ 12% ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ - ɷɬɨ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ (ɥɟɰɢɬɢɧ), ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɢɥɷɬɚɧɨɥɚɦɢɧ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɢɥɫɟɪɢɧ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɢɥɢɧɨɡɢɬ ɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɥɢɩɢɧ.

Ʌɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɛɢɫɥɨɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɦɮɢɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɮɢɧɝɨɦɢɟɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. Ⱥɦɮɢɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ: ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ “ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ”, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢ “ɯɜɨɫɬɚ” ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ; ɷɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ,

ɬ. ɟ. ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɚ.

Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɩɥɸɫɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ, ɚ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ "ɝɨɥɨɜɭ", ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ "ɯɜɨɫɬ", ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɚ.

ȼ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ "ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɯɜɨɫɬɵ" ɭɩɪɹɬɚɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ, ɚ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ "ɝɨɥɨɜɵ" ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.

Ȼɟɥɤɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.

ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɋ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɦɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɫɥɨɹ, ɚ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɢɫɥɨɣ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɫɥɨɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ.

86

ȼɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ.

ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ.

ȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ: ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɰɢɬɨɡ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ.

Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ:

1. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ;

2. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ;

3. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ.

ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɏɢɤɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:

V = k × A(C1 − C2 ) , d

ɝɞɟ V - ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ;

k - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ; A - ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ;

(ɋ1 - ɋ2) - ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ; d - ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ (ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ). ɋ

87

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ʌɢɩɢɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ (ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɷɮɢɪɵ) ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ (ɫɨɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɭ. ɋɥɚɛɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɛɚɪɛɢɬɭɪɚɬɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɧɢɥɚɦɢɞɵ

ɢɞɪ.), ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɂɯ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ. ɋɥɚɛɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɚɥɤɚɥɨɢɞɵ) ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ȼ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ, ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɚɥɤɚɥɨɢɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɂɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ.

ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɪɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3-4 ɧɦ. ɉɨɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ (ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɪ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɨɪ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɦɚɥ, ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ "ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ" (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ), ɧɨ

ɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ (ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ).

88

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ: ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɪ, ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɤ: ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ: ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ. ɉɭɬɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ.

ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ (ɩɨɪɵ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ/ɜɨɞɚ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨɪ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɪɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɭ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɨɪ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ. ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɨɪ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,3 - 0,8 ɧɦ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ per os, ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ 400 ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ

89

ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ - 150-200 ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ Ɏɢɤɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɪ.

ɐɢɬɨɡ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɰɢɬɨɡɚ: ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡ, ɷɤɡɨɰɢɬɨɡ, ɬɪɚɧɫɰɢɬɨɡ, ɫɢɧɰɢɬɨɡ, ɢɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɨɡ.

ɗɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡ – ɷɬɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ: ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ – ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ; ɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡ

– ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡ – ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɵɯ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥ.

ɉɭɬɟɦ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ, ɩɨɤɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɸ. Ɉɬɲɧɭɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ.

ɉɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡ - ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ. Ʉɚɩɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ; ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1 ɦɤɦ.

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