М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

3 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɌɆ ɜɵɲɟ ɉȾɄ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 1. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ.

ȼɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɪɬɭɬɶɸ, ɤɚɞɦɢɟɦ, ɰɢɧɤɨɦ, ɫɜɢɧɰɨɦ, ɧɢɤɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ.

ɉɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ:

1.Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɉȾɄ;

2.ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ;

3.Ɉɩɚɫɧɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ

ɜ5 ɪɚɡ;

4.ȼɵɫɨɤɨɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ - ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ;

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ:

1ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

2ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 1. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ.

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3 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 2.

4 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3. Ɂɚɩɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ.

Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ 1-2 ɤɝ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 20 ɬɨɱɤɚɯ. ɋɵɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 50°ɋ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ.

ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ.

ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ:

1.Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɟ;

2.ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ;

3.Ɉɩɚɫɧɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ;

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4. ȼɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ: 1 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. 2 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 1. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟ-

ɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ.

3ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40% ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 2. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜ.

4ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɨɪɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ – ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 3.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ- ɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɩɹɦ ɯɥɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ. ɉɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ: ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɹɞɧɵɟ (ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ), ɜɫɟɹɞɧɵɟ, ɩɥɨɬɨɹɞɧɵɟ.

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɭɸ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ) ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ.

43

ɉɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʉɥɢɫɟɧɤɨ (1984), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ.

Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʌ.Ƚ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜɚ (1984). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧɷɫɬɟɪɚɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɨɣ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɇ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɨɲɚɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɚ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɯɨɥɢɧɷɫɬɟɪɚɡɵ), ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨ-ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɛɚ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɦɚɯ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ 25-30 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɪɦɚɯ, ɨɜɨɳɚɯ, ɛɚɯɱɟɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ, ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ (ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ Ƚɍȼ Ƚɨɫɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɚ ɋɋɋɊ 1986).

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɹɞ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ: ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɸ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɢɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚɯ (ɪɟɡɨɪɰɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ

44

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɞɚɧɨɦ-3, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɢɯɥɨɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɵ, ɝɞɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɫ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 50 ɦɤɝ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ ɤɨɪɦɚ. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ Ɍ-2 ɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.

2.4.Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ

ɋɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ (ɩɨ Ɇ.ɇ. Ⱥɪɝɭɧɨɜɭ):

1.Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɦɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɉȾɄ.

2.ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɉȾɄ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜ 1,5 ɪɚɡɚ, ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɞɨ 50%.

3.Ɉɩɚɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɉȾɄ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɜ 1,5 ɪɚɡɚ.

4.ȼɵɫɨɤɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɉȾɄ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ.

5.ɑɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɉȾɄ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜ 8 ɪɚɡ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ

45

46

47

ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚɦɢ

48

49

2.5. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɟɬɟɪɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ

ȼ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ:

1.Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɢ: ɜɨɡɞɭɯ – ɜɨɞɚ – ɩɨɱɜɚ – ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ (ɤɨɪɦɚ) – ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɩɢɡɨɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ɍɨɤɫɢɤɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɚɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ, ɝɞɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦ.

2.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɬɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.

3.Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɜɵ ɪɚɫɬɟ- ɧɢɣ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɫɭɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɬɨɩɹɧɚɹ - ɤɚɞɦɢɣ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨ; ɩɨɞɨɮɢɥɥ ɝɢɦɚɥɚɣɫɤɢɣ, ɱɟɪɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ – ɫɜɢɧɟɰ, ɤɚɞɦɢɣ; ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɚ – ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ; ɛɪɭɫɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɢɤɚ – ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ).

ȼɟɬɟɪɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ:

1.ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɚɝɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɨɬɟɯɧɢɢ, ɜɟɬɟɪɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɞɨɯɢɦɢɤɚɬɨɜ.

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