М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

ɩɨɥɢɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɮɟɧɢɥɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ ɢ ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ.

Ɏɟɧɨɥɵ, ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɦɢɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɢɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ, ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ (ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ).

ȼ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɡɵ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɢɤ-

ɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ, β-ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɢɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ (ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚ).

ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ. ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ. Ʉɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ Ɉ-ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ. ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɩɨɱɤɚɯ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɦɨɡɝɟ. Ʉɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ 3’-ɮɨɫɮɨɚɞɟɧɨɡɢɧ-5’-ɮɨɫɮɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ (ɎȺɎɋ). ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ SO3– ɨɬ ɎȺɋɎ ɤ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚɦ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɦɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɢɪɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɟɧɨɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ - 3-ɮɨɫɮɨɚɞɟɧɚɡɢɧ-S-ɮɨɫɮɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ (ɎȺɎɋ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ȺɌɎ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɎȺɎɋ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ-ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ (ɮɟɧɨɥ, ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ.

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ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:

R-OH + ɎȺɋɎ → R-O-SO3ɇ + ɎȺɎ

ɋɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɪɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɟɧɨɥɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 1-ɣ ɮɚɡɵ. Ʉ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚɦ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ 1-ɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɦɢɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɧɢɥɢɧ ɢ 2-ɚɦɢɧɨɧɚɮɬɚɥɟɧ, ɤɨɧɴɸɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɎȺɋɎ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɦɚɬɨɜ:

N-ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɪɢɥɚɦɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɭɤɥɟɨɮɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɬɚɤɭ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦ ɫɟɪɵ ɜ ɎȺɋɎ ɫ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ.

ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɵ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ, ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɫ ɠɟɥɱɶɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɚɪɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɡɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚ.

ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɡɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɜ ɷɧɞɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɭɦɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɢɡɨɫɨɦɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɢɣɨɞɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ.

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɎȺɋɎ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 75ɦɤɦ, ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɍȾɎ-ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 350ɦɤɦ) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ β-ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨ-

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ɧɢɞɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɟɦɤɢɦ. Ɋɹɞ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɍȾɎ-ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɡɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɭɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɚɰɟɬɚɦɢɧɨɮɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚ: ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɵ, ɚ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɵɦɢ.

Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɞɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ: 1Ⱥ, 1ȼ, 1ɋ, 1ȿ, 2Ⱥ, 2ȼ ɢ 3Ⱥ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ 5 ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ: ɚɪɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ - ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ; ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ - ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ; ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɚ – ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ; ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɚ – ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɭɸɬ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɚɦɢɧɨɮɥɭɨɪɟɧ, ɚɪɢɥɚɦɢɧɵ, ɷɫɬɪɚɞɢɨɥ ɢ

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ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨ 10% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧ-S- ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 1) ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ; 2) ɧɟɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ; 3) ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞ- ɢ ȾɇɄ-ɝɢɞɪɨɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɡɵ 2 (ɫɟɥɟɧɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ).

ɋɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: 1) ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ, 2) ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ.

Ƚɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧ-S-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ: ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɟɤɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɚɮɥɚɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ ȼ, ɛɟɧɡ[ɚ]ɩɢɪɟɧɚ, ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɬɪɢɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧ-S-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɨɦ:

Ɇɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɥɢ ɧɢɬɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ.Ɇɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ S-ɚɪɢɥ- ɢɥɢ S-ɚɥɤɢɥ- N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɚɦɢ.

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Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɨɱɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (in vitro) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ.

ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɝɚɥɨɢɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɬɪɨɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɪɨɦɚɥɤɚɧɨɜ.

Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɨɝɪɭɩɩɭ (R-NH-NH2), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɦɢɞɵ (R-NH-COCH3) ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɞɵ (R-NH-NH-COCH3), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɦɢɧɵ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɭɬɟɦ N- ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɭɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɧɢɚɡɢɞɚ, N- ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ.

Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɢɥ-ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ (ɚɰɟɬɢɥɄɨȺ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɝɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɄɨȺ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ:

E-SH + ɄɨȺ-S-ɋɈɋɇ3 → E-S-COCH3 + ɄoA-SH

ȼɬɨɪɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ:

R–NH2 + E-S-COCH3 → R–NH–COCH3 + ȿ-SH

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Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ – ɜɬɨɪɵɦ. ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ Ɉ-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ. N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ ɷɬɨ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɫ ɢ ɫɨɛɚɤ, ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ.

ɍ ɤɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ, ɦɵɲɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɯ NAT1 ɢ NAT2. Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ (79-95% ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ). ɍ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧ (Cys68). Ɉɛɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɤɨɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɪɨɧɨɜ. Ƚɟɧɵ NAT ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɟ, ɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. NAT1 ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ NAT2, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ. ɗɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ NAT1, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɚɦɢɧɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɩɚɪɚɚɦɢɧɨɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɦɟɬɨɤɫɚɡɨɥ. ɋɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɵ NAT2 ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɢɡɨɧɢɚɡɢɞ, ɝɢɞɪɚɥɚɡɢɧ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɦɟɬɚɡɢɧ, ɞɚɩɫɨɧ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 2-ɚɦɢɧɨɮɥɭɨ- ɪɟɧ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.

ɋɟɪɢɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 50-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ XX ɜɟɤɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬ.ɧ. «ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ»» ɚɰɟɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɧɬɢɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɨɧɢɚɡɢɞɚ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɬɢɩɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 70% ɜ ȿɝɢɩɬɟ ɢ ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɢ), ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɧɚ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ, ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 50%), ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɜ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 25% ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ, əɩɨɧɢɢ, Ʉɨɪɟɟ). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. «Ɇɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ» ɚɰɟɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵ ɩɨ

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ɝɥɸɤɨɡɨ-6-ɮɨɫɮɚɬ-ɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɧɢɥɚɦɢɞɨɜ.

ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɄɨȺ (ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɚɪɛɨɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɮɟɧɢɥɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɭ (ɝɥɢɰɢɧɨɦ, ɝɥɭɬɚɦɚɬɨɦ), ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɩɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. Ƚɢɩɩɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɬ ɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɝɥɢɰɢɧɨɦ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɝɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɧɡɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɄɨȺ.

Ɇɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɦɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ. Ɇɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɭɥɶɮɝɢɞɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɬɢɨɧɢɧ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ȺɌɎ ɜ ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ S-ɚɞɟɧɨɡɢɥɦɟɬɢɨɧɢɧ (SȺɆ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ O-, S-, N-ɦɟɬɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɨɦɭɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ.

ROH + S-ɚɞɟɧɨɡɢɥɦɟɬɢɨɧɢɧ → ROCH3

ɋɪɟɞɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚ- ɬɟɯɨɥ-Ɉ-ɦɟɬɢɥɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ 3-ɦɟɬɨɤɫɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚɦɢɧɨɜ.

Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ 2-ɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɫ ɠɟɥɱɶɸ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ

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ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɢɞɵ ɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ. Ɋɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɨɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɭ.

Ȼɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɛɢɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɜ: Ɉɇ, ɋɈɈɇ, ɊɈ3ɇ ɢ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɤ ɛɟɥɤɚɦ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ: ɇg, ɋu, Ni, Ɋb, Zn, ɋɨ, ɋd, Ɇn, Ɇg, ɋɚ, ȼɚ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ Sɇ-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɇg, Ⱥg, Ɋb, ɋu, Zn, ɋɨ; ɱɟɪɟɡ ɋɈɈɇ-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɋu, Ni, Zn, Ɇg, ɋɚ.

Ⱦɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ: ɬɚɤ, ɭɪɚɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɚɫɩɚɪɚɝɢɧɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɨ-ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɝɥɢɰɢɧ, ɬɪɟɨɧɢɧ, ɚɥɚɧɢɧ, ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧ, ɝɥɭɬɚɦɢɧ, ɚɫɩɚɪɚɝɢɧ).

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Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɹɬɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɦɵɲɶɹɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɒɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ȼɚɧɚɞɢɣ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ; ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ.

ɍɪɚɧ ɢ ɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ: ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ, ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ.

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɬɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɜɢɞ, ɩɨɥ), ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.); ɧɟɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧ, ɚɥɥɨɤɫɚɧ, ɦɨɪɮɢɧ, ɝɟɩɚɬɨɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ, ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ, ɤɚɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ, ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.); ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɛɚɪɛɢɬɭɪɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ, ɚɧɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ, ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ

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