М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ 0 ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ t1/2 ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 13 ɦɢɧɭɬɚɦ.

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɚɰɟɬɨɧ, ɷɬɚɧɨɥ), ɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦ, ɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɡɚɤɢɫɶ ɚɡɨɬɚ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ (ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɟɩɬɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ2. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ, ɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɚ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ, ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ, ɮɟɧɨɥɚ, ɞɢɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɢɪɚ, ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɪɨɣ ɞɨ 50% ɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ 14ɋɈ2. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɚɧɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ, ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ, ɮɭɦɢɝɚɧɬɵ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪ- ɧɨ-ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɭɪɮɚɤɬɚɧɬ, ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɭɤɨɰɢɥɢɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ 90% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɢ. ɂɡ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ.

ɉɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɹ. ɉɨɱɤɢ - ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɢ

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ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.

Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɱɭɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,3% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 25% ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦɭ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ.

ȼɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡɩɨɱɤɢ (ɪɢɫ.16) ɥɟɠɚɬɬɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ: - ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ (ɜɫɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ);

-ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɬɪɚɷɬɢɥɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ, ɦɟɬɢɥɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɢɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.);

-ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ (ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ: ɜɫɟ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ: ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɥɚɤɬɚɬ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

Ɋɢɫ. 16. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ

ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɟɤ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 1,7-2,5 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2-3 ɦ2. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɨɪ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ 2-4 ɧɦ; ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɪ: 4-10% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ 0,1%). ɉɨɪɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɵ 25-50 ɢ 10-25 ɧɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɭɥɶɬɪɚ-

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ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15000 ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. Ȼɟɥɤɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɨ- ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ, ɦɢɧɭɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɟ Ȼɨɭɦɟɧɚ, ɦɢɧɭɫ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 50-80 ɦɦ ɪɬ. ɫɬ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 8 ɦɦ ɪɬ. ɫɬ.

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ: ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ; ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɚ, ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ; ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɟ ɛɨɭɦɟɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥ.

ȼ ɧɨɪɦɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɩɪɟɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɨɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɂɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ

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ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 130 ɦɥ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

t1/2 = ln2 (V/F), ɝɞɟ t1/2 - ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɢɧ;

V - ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɥ;

F - ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ (0,13 ɥ/ɦɢɧ).

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ, ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ.

Ʉɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ. Ƚɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɛɨɭɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɦ, ɩɟɬɥɟ Ƚɟɧɥɟ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɜ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 3-5 ɫɦ, ɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ - 7-8 ɦ2. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɱɚ (ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ) ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɱɚ ɧɢ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

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ȼ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 99% ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɨɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. Ɋɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ: ɚ) ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɛ) ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ; ɜ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ.

ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɬ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ - ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɨɱɭ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɭɛɭɥɨ-ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɯ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ (ɩɥɨɯɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɤ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɇ ɦɨɱɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ

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ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɢ (ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ) ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɥɤɚɥɨɢɞɵ) ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɯɭɠɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɨɞɵ), ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɪɛɢɬɭɪɚɬɵ).

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ: ɥɚɤɬɚɬ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɨɱɭ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ.

Ʉɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɢɞɵ, ɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɩɟɧɢɰɢɥɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɦɨɱɭ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɉɧ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɝɪɭɩɩ – ɋɈɈɇ ɢɥɢ – SO3 ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɭ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. ɋɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ-ɩɟɪɟ- ɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.

ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ (ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ) ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ - ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ.

ȼ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ: ɬɟɬɪɚɷɬɢɥɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɚɥɤɚɥɨɢɞɨɜ (ɦɨɪɮɢɧɚ, ɯɢɧɢɧɚ), ɢɦɢɩɪɚɦɢɧɚ, ɦɟɤɚɦɢɥɚɦɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

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Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɭɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ. Ɉ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ 100 - ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ; ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 100 - ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɟɫɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 100 - ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢ-

ɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 12).

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12 ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɦɨɱɚ/ɩɥɚɡɦɚ) ɧɟɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɩɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʉɭɰɟɧɤɨ, 2002)

Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɢɧɟɰ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ (ɗȾɌȺ-Na2 ɢ ɞɪ.).

ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ. ɋ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ; ɩɪɢ ɛɢɥɢɚɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ.

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ɉɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ) ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɹɦɢ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ (ɦɨɪɮɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɢɞɵ). ɗɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɟɧɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. Ɍɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ (ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ), ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ.

ɀɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɹ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɨɧɨɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (N-ɦɟɬɢɥɫɤɨɩɨɥɚɦɢɧ, N-ɦɟɬɢɥɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɢɞ, ɬɟɬɪɚɷɬɢɥɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɚɥɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɗɤɫɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɤɚɞɦɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ

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ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɜ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɚ: ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɶ. Ɉɛɚ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

Ɂɚɯɜɚɬ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɥɢɩɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ (ɨɪɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɪɢɮɚɦɩɢɰɢɧ) ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ (ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ), ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɤɚɞɦɢɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ) – ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. Ɂɚɯɜɚɬ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɢɥɢɚɪɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ. Ȼɢɥɢɚɪɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ.

Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɵ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɥɟɦ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ (ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ), ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɥɟ ɜ

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ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ.

Ƚɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɵ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ (MRP) ɢ ɪ-ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ (p-GP). Ɉɛɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ - ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. MRP ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɵ, ɤɨɧɴɸɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ, ɝɥɭɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, 2-ɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɢ «ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ» ɢɯ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. p-GP ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 300-500 ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧ ɢ ɚɦɮɢɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɭ.

ȼ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɋɀ/ɋɉ (ɋɀ - ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɢ; ɋɉ - ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ) ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɋɀ = ɋɉ). Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na+, K+, Cl– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɋɀ/ɋɉ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ 1,0. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɋɀ/ɋɉ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ 1,0. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɚɦɮɢɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɋɀ/ɋɉ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ

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