М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɢɧɭɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɭɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɤɚɧɹɦ, ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ.

ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ (ɨɬɟɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨ-ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ) ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɨ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ (ɷɦɮɢɡɟɦɚ) - ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ.

Ʉɪɨɜɶ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ:

1.Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ;

2.Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ;

3.ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.

Ʉɪɨɜɶ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɚ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɨɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ). ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (Ʉ) ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɚ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɤɪɵɫɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ: ɞɥɹ

101

ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɧ ɪɚɜɟɧ 0,6; ɬɟɫɬɢɫ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 0,7; ɥɟɝɤɢɟ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 1,0; ɫɟɪɞɰɟ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 1,1; ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɚ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 1,2; ɦɨɡɝ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 1,3; ɩɨɱɤɢ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 1,6; ɩɟɱɟɧɶ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 1,7; ɠɢɪ-ɤɪɨɜɶ – 25,6.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɹɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɜɢɧɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɋ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ (ɇɋl, ɇF, SO2, ɩɚɪɵ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɞɪ.).

Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ. Ⱥɷɪɨɡɨɥɶ - ɷɬɨ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɮɚɡ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɢ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɭɦɚɧɨɦ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɢ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ - ɞɵɦɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0,5 ɞɨ 15 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 0,5 ɦɤɦ. Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ (ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ). ɋɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. ɍ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ.

ɉɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɇɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɜ

102

ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɟɦɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ: ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɪɹɞ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɑɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɜɵɲɟ 10 ɦɤɦ ɨɫɟɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɯɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɟ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 8090% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɸ ɞɨ 10 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 10% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1-2 ɦɤɦ. ȼ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɟɬ 70-90% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1-2 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ. Ⱥɷɪɨɡɨɥɶ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɦɤɦ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ

ɜɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɢɩ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ.

ȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɨɫɟɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɢɡɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɧɫɟɤɬɢɰɢɞ, ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ – ɩɚɪɚɨɤɫɨɧ – ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 0,86 ɦɤɦ ɭɛɢɜɚɟɬ 9 ɢɡ 16 ɤɪɵɫ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 3,7 ɦɤɦ – 14 ɢɡ 16 ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ ɢɡ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ

ɜɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ.

Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱥɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɭ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.

103

ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɤɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɜɵɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ ɢɯ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɨ: ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ (ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 24 ɱ) ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɭ. ȼɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ (ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɞɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ: ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɭ.

ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɦɮɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɟ ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ 1000 ɦɥ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɞɨ 87%, ɧɚ 2000 ɦɥ - ɞɨ 93%. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ.

3.6.2.2. Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ

ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ (ɀɄɌ), ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɫɥɢɡɢ, ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ. ɂɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ

104

ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɀɄɌ. Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ.

Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɀɄɌ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ:

1.Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝɚɡ, ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɶ, ɜɡɜɟɫɶ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ);

2.Ⱦɨɡɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ;

3.ȼɢɞɨɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɟɺ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ;

4.ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ;

5.ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ;

6.Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ.

Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɇ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 6,6 - 6,9, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɷɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ - ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ).

ɉɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɱɟɦ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɛɜɨɥɚɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ. ȼɡɜɟɫɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɦɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ.

105

Ɉɬɬɟɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɨɫɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ, ɦɚɥɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɨɫɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɢɧɭɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.

Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɀɄɌ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ/ɜɨɞɚ. ɀɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. Ⱥɥɤɚɥɨɢɞɵ (ɦɨɪɮɢɧ, ɚɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɇ. ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ: ɤɢɫɥɨɣ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1,0) ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ (ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 7,4). ɗɬɨɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ (ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ), ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ (ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ (ɫɟɪɧɚɹ, ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ, ɚɡɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, NaOH, KOH) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɠɨɝ).

106

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ - ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɪɄɚ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɞɥɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɢɩɨɮɢɥɶɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɬ, ɪɄɚ ɫɢɧɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ 9,2. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 9,2 ɨɤɨɥɨ 50% ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ HCN ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɢɨɧ CN–). ȿɫɥɢ ɪɇ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɟɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɰɢɚɧɢɞɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ.

Ⱥɥɤɚɥɨɢɞ ɫɬɪɢɯɧɢɧ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɞɢɤɭɦɚɪɨɥ).

ȼɡɜɟɫɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɫɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

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ȿɫɥɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɫ ɤɨɪɦɨɦ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɢ ɜɨɞɟ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɂɡ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɇ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ.

Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

ɉɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɤɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɫ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ.

ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. Ʉɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 5-ɮɬɨɪɭɪɚɰɢɥ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɢɤɨɡɢɞɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɚɦɢɝɞɚɥɢɧ, ɞɢɝɢɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɳɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɟɦɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ.

ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɨ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ) ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɜɫɨɫɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɬɚɛɥ.7).

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ɥɨ/ɜɨɞɚ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤɫɢɥɨɡɚ - ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɯ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɬ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.

ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɯɭɠɟ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ (ɬɟɥɹɬɚ, ɩɨɪɨɫɹɬɚ, ɠɟɪɟɛɹɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɩɢɪɪɨɥɢɞɨɧ (ɦɨɥ. ɦɚɫɫɚ 160000), ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ, ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ (Cl–, NO2–, NO3–, Na+, K+) ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ, ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ (Mg2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, SO42–) ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ɍ ɫɜɢɧɟɣ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30% ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɝ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ. Ɍɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ: ɯɪɨɦ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ, ɰɢɧɤ – ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ; ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɪɬɭɬɶ, ɬɚɥɥɢɣ, ɫɭɪɶɦɚ – ɜ ɬɨɳɟɣ. ɓɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ, ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 20-60%, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɦɢ, ɠɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɢɫɟɣ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ

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