М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ: ɟɺ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na+, K+, ɋɚ2+, Cl–, HCO3– ɢ ɞɪ., ɚ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ.

Ɇɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ-ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɩɚɜ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɟɺ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɟɺ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ:

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɨɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɮɬɨɪɢɞɚɦɢ (F–), ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɗȾɌȺ-Na2), ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ (ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɟɦ, ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɹɳɢɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɝɢɩɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ, ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ.

ɪɇ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ. ɂɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɚɰɢɞɨɡ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤ-

71

ɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɝɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ (ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɰɢɞɨɡ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ), ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ (ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɚɰɢɞɨɡ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ). ȼ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɇ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɜɨɞɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ.

ɋɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɦɢɲɟɧɶɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɥɥɨɛɢɨɡ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɨɤɪɟɡɢɥɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɦ (ɌɈɄɎ) ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɷɫɬɟɪɚɡ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɹ (ɎɈɋ), ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ.

ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɦɨ-

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ (ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɟɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ). Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɚɝɭɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɋɬɪɭɤ-

ɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɢɨɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ (ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɧɟɣɪɨɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ: ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ.

ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɨɤ-

72

ɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɛɟɥɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ: ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ, ɢɨɧɵ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ, ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɛɟɥɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ –ɋɈɈɇ, –NH2, –OH, SH-ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ SH-ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɹɞɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɢɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɹɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɪɬɭɬɶ, ɦɵɲɶɹɤ, ɫɭɪɶɦɚ, ɬɚɥɥɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (ɫɜɢɧɟɰ, ɤɚɞɦɢɣ, ɧɢɤɟɥɶ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ

Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɞɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɦɢ.

Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ - ɷɬɨ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɤ-

ɰɢɣ, ɬɢɩɚ: Ⱥȼ↔Ⱥ+ȼ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, in vitro ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ

73

ɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɡɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɥɚ.

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɉɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ - ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. (ɪɢɫ.5).

Ɋɢɫ.5. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ-

ɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 6.

ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ-ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ

74

ɞɟɧɶ, ɞɥɹ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧɩɢɪɪɨɥɚɡɵ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ 2 ɱɚɫɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ Ƚɨɥɶɞɠɢ. ɂɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡ ɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɚɪɛɚɦɨɢɥɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ SH-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ʉɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɝɢɞɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.

Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɡɨɫɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ, ɚɭɬɨɥɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɋCl4.

ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪ-

ɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɚɩɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɩɨɪɮɢɪɢɧɵ, ɮɥɚɜɢɧɵ, ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɢɞɚɞɟɧɢɧɞɢɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞ (ɇȺȾ) ɢ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɢɞɚɞɟɧɢɧɞɢɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɮɨɫɮɚɬ (ɇȺȾɎ), ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɚɥɶ-ɮɨɫɮɚɬ, ɬɢɚɦɢɧɩɢɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ. Ɋɹɞ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɢɤɭɦɚɪɨɥ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚ Ʉ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɩɪɨɬɪɨɦɛɢɧɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ 1-4 ɫɭɬɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ.

76

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɚɥɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɝɢɞɪɚɡɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɤɢɧɚɡɵ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɮɨɫɮɚɬ (ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɚɦɢɧɚɡɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɤɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɩɨɪɮɢɪɢɧɵ. Ȼɥɨɤɚɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɝɟɦɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɝɟɦɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ (ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ, ɦɢɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ, ɝɟɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ).

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ. Ʉɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ. ɇɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ.

Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɫ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɦ ɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ.

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɟ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɮɬɨɪɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɏɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɨɷɧɡɢɦɨɦ Ⱥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ

77

ɮɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɬɤɨɷɧɡɢɦ Ⱥ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɮɬɨɪɥɢɦɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ:

Ɏɬɨɪɥɢɦɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɤɨɧɢɬɚɬɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɡɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ-ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɤɨɧɢɬɚɬɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɰɟɩɢ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɬɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨ-ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ȺɌɎ, ɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ ɮɬɨɪɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɮɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ». ɋɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɬɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɮɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ, ɦɟɬɢɥɮɬɨɪɚɰɟɬɚɬ, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɮɬɨɪɝɥɢɰɟɪɨɥɵ, ɮɬɨɪɷɬɚɧɨɥ, ɮɬɨɪɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɵ, ɮɬɨɪɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɬɨɪɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɨɣ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɚ ɢ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ

78

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧɷɫɬɟɪɚɡɨɣ.

ɑɚɫɬɨ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɵ.

ɇɟɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ, ɚɥɥɨɫɬɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɹ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɟɝɨ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɚɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɬɨɪɥɢɦɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɡɵ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɰɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɣ, ɚ ɦɵɲɶɹɤ, ɪɬɭɬɶ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ SH-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ: Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɗȾɌȺ, ɞɢɬɢɡɨɧɚ), ɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɦ, ɦɟɞɶɸ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɝɟɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ, ɤɚɬɚɥɚɡɚ, ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɡɚ, ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ, ɦɢɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ). Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɰɢɚɧɢɞɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ, ɚɡɢɞɵ, ɦɨɧɨɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ-ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɥɭɬɚɬɢɨɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ SH-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɩɢɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɚ, ɮɨɫɮɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɚ, ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ-ɪɟɞɭɤɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɍɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɸɬɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɚɦɢɧ, ɮɟɧɢɥɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ, ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧ ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

79

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɬɟɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ. Ⱦɟɡɨɤ-

ɫɢɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɋɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ, ɪɢɛɨɫɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɊɇɄ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɤɫɢɞ, ɷɬɢɥɟɧɢɦɢɧ, ɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɚɦɢɧ, ɧɢɬɪɨɡɚɦɢɧɵ, ɚɪɟɧɨɤɢɫɞɵ, ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ ɚɮɥɚɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɶɹɤɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɩɭɪɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɢɪɢɦɢɞɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɧɞɨɧɭɤɥɟɚɡ.

ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɛɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ (ɢɩɪɢɬɵ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɜɭɧɢɬɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ɍɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɭɪɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɢɪɢɦɢɞɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨ-ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɺ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞ.

80