М.Н.Аргунов и др. Ветеринарная токсикология с основами экологии

ɫɹ, ɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɥɢɝɚɧɞ, ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ- ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɺ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɗɬɢɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɟɬɚɧɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɛɨɬɭɥɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɨɬɭɥɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɫ ɚɤɫɨɥɟɦɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɡɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɨɤɫɢɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨɩɚɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ.

Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ, ɥɢɩɨɮɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ, ɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 180000 ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ 800 ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ. ɗɬɢ ɰɟɩɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɢɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɭ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ 5 ɧɦ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 50000 ɦɟɫɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɢɧɚ.

ɗɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ, ɮɚɝɨ- ɢ ɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɟɥɥɚɦɢ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɺ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɜ. ɗɤɡɨɰɢɬɨɡ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ – ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɬɩɨɱɤɨɜɵɜɚɧɢɟ – ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ

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ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɰɢɬɨɡ (ɰɢɬɨɩɟɦɡɢɫ) – ɷɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɋɢɧɰɢɬɨɡɵ

– ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɧɬɪɚɰɢɬɨɡ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ in vivo ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ.

ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɪɝɨɜ (ȺɌɎ) ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. ȼ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɷɭɤɚɪɢɨɬɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ: Na+, K+ - ȺɌɎ-ɚɡɚ; ɋɚ2+ - ȺɌɎ-ɚɡɚ; ɇ+, Ʉ+ - ȺɌɎ-ɚɡɚ; ɇ+ - ȺɌɎ-ɚɡɚ.

ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ: ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ Na+, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ȺɌɎ, ɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɟ- ɤɭɥ-ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ (ɚɬɪɚɤɬɢɥɨɡɢɞ - ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ȺɌɎ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɣ).

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɩɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (ɪɢɫ.9), ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ȺɌɎ.

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Ɋɢɫ. 9. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ K+ ɢ Na+

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ «ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ - ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ» ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɰɢɤɥ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɋɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ ɢ Nɚ+ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

3.6.2. Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ (ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ) ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ

Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ "ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ" ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨ- ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɬɢɜɧɵɦ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɠɭ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ: ɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɵ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ,

94

ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ: ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɩɟɪɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɠɭ). ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ.

ɉɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɢ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɠɭ.

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɚɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ (ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.).

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ:

1.Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɩɨɥ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)

2.Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ (ɞɨɡɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ) ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ); 3.Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

95

ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ.

3.6.2.1. Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. Ʌɟɝɤɢɟ - ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ɉ2 ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ. Ⱥɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɝɚɡ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ. ɇɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ, ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ.

ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɨɫɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ – ɦɭɤɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ (ɪɢɫ.10.).

Ɋɢɫ. 10. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ (ɪɚɡɪɟɡ) (ɩɨ Hahm, 1965).

96

1 – ɹɞɪɨ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ; 2 – ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ (ɦɟɠɬɤɚɧɟɜɚɹ ɳɟɥɶ); 3 - ɷɧɞɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ; 4 - ɧɟɜɚɤɭɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ; 5 - ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ; 6 - ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɹ; 7 - ɹɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɹ; 8 - ɹɞɪɨ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.

Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ-ɤɪɨɜɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ: ɥɢɩɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ, ɦɭɤɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ, ɫɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ.

ɉɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ. ɑɟɦ ɯɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɬɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ.

ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, t50 (ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɢ 50% ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɞɥɹ ɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ

ɬɪɚɯɟɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ 1 ɦɢɧ, ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ – 4 ɦɢɧ, ɷɪɢɬɪɨɦɢɰɢɧɚ – 13 ɦɢɧ, ɛɟɧɡɢɥɩɟɧɢɰɢɥɥɢɧɚ – 36 ɦɢɧ.

Ɋɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 4% ɷɮɢɪ), ɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ

(ɪɢɫ.11).

97

Ɋɢɫ.11. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ (ɩɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʉɭɰɟɧɤɨ, 2002)

ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɐɇɋ) ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ (ɨɝɥɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɪɤɨɡ, ɤɨɦɚ). ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ (ɩɚɪɚ) ɜ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ.

ɍ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ, ɞɵɲɚɳɢɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɹ) ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ - ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ - ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɚɤɬɵ ɜɞɨɯɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɨɯɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɝɚɡɚ (ɪɢɫ.11.ɋɚ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0 ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 0,95 ɋɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ 95% ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɹ "ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ". Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ

98

ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.

ȼɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ

ɢɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ). ɗɬɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɞɵɲɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ2, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ.

ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ:

1. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ; 2. Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦɢ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ; 3. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ; 4. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɫɨɥɢ, ɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɛɟɥɤɢ) ɢ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ, ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ). Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

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ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɹɞɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɮɢ- ɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ/ɜɨɞɚ – (λ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɷɬɚɧɨɥ, ɚɰɟɬɨɧ) ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦ, ɞɢɷɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɢɪ) ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ (Ʉ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ

(λ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ.

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɨɞɚ/ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ (ɡɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɧɪɢ). ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɚ,

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