The Complete Guide To The TOEFL Test
.pdf184 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
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Field |
Person |
Adjective |
I. |
music |
musician |
musical |
2. |
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surgeon |
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3. |
|
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poetic |
4. |
|
electrician |
|
5. |
administration |
-----_._-- |
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6. |
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financial |
7. |
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photographer |
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8.theory
9. |
athletic |
10.editing
II. |
philosopher |
12. |
criminal |
13. |
political |
14. |
lawyer |
15.humor
Exercise 32.3
Focus: Identifying errors and recognizing correct use of adjectives and adverbs.
Directions: Underline the form that correctly completes the sentence. The first one is done as an example.
1.In any animal community, herbivores (great/~) outnumber carnivores.
2.Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage (annual/annually).
3.(Regular/Regularly) airmail service in the United States began in 1918.
4.Writer Ernest Hemingway was known for his (simple/simply) language and his lively dialogue.
5.The tiny coral snake is (beautiful/beautifully) but deadly.
6.Skyscrapers developed (simultaneous/simultaneously) in Chicago and New York City.
7.(General/Generally), bauxite is found near the surface, so it is relatively (simple/simply) to mine.
8.A good proofreader (painstaking/painstakingly) examines a manuscript for errors in spelling and grammar as well as for factual mistakes.
9.The colony of New Hampshire was (permanent/permanently) separated from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1692.
10.The most numerous and (wide/widely) distributed of all insectivorous animals are the shrews.
11.The endocrine system functions in (close/closely) relationship with the nervous system.
12.A gap in the Coast Range of California provides (easy/easily) access to the San Francisco Bay area.
13.Mushrooms are found in an (incredible/incredibly) range of sizes, colors, and shapes.
14.Some airplanes have an automatic pilot that is connected to the airplane's controls and (automatic/automatically) keeps the plane on course.
15.Winslow Homer, who had no (formal/formally) training in art, became famous for his paintings of the sea.
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 185
16.The potter's wheel was an invention of (profound/profoundly) importance.
17.The nuclear-powered cargo ship Savannah proved (commercial/commercially) impractical.
18.Sojourner Truth spoke (persuasively/persuasive) in opposition to slavery.
19.In 1948 Stan Getz made a (masterful/masterfully) solo recording of the song "Early Autumn" which (deep/deeply) influenced younger musicians.
20.The planet Venus was once believed to be two (distinct/distinctly) objects: the morning star Phosphorous and the evening star Hesperus.
Exercise 32.4
Focus: Identifying which parts of speech are appropriate in sentences.
Directions: Underline the form that correctly completes the sentence. Then identify the parts of speech of the words in parentheses. You can use these abbreviations for parts of speech:
N=noun |
G = gerund (-ing) noun |
V = verb |
ADJ = adjective |
PN = "person" noun |
ADV= adverb |
The first one is done as an example.
1. Sinclair Lewis' novel Babbitt is set in the (fiction/fictional) town of Zenith.
( N / AD. I )
2. By-products from chicken eggs are used by (industry/industrial) in manufacturing
such (produces/products) as soap and paint. ( |
/ |
) |
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( |
/ |
) |
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3.The daylily is an attractive, (fragrance/fragrant) flower. ( _____/ _____ )
4.An equation is a (mathematics/mathematical) statement which says that two expressions are
(equal/equality). ( / ) ( / )
5. The Supreme Court has ruled that (evidence/evident) obtained from (illegal/illegally) searches cannot be used in court. ( / ) ( / )
6.The Richter Scale measures the (severely/severity) of earthquakes. ( _____/ _____ )
7.Justin Winsom promoted the (developing/development) of libraries throughout the United States
in the nineteenth century. ( / )
8. Pipelines (transportation/transport) huge quantities of natural gas and liquid petroleum products.
( / )
9. Scientists (differ/different) in their opinions of how snow crystals (originate/origin).
( |
/ |
)( |
/ |
) |
10.Harry Blackstone was a famous (magic/magician). ( _____/ _____ )
11.Glass sponges are found in oceans at a (deep/depth) of 300 feet or more.
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( |
/ |
) |
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12. |
Colorado shares with Wyoming the (distinction/distinctly) of having four (perfect/perfectly) |
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straight borders. ( |
/ |
) ( |
/ |
) |
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13. |
Yale's Peabody Museum has a world-famous (collection/collecting) of fossils. |
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( |
/ |
) |
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14. |
Pronghorns, which are American antelopes, are (present/presence) in large numbers on the |
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(open/openly) plains ofWyoming. ( |
/ |
) ( |
/ |
) |
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Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 189
LESSON 33
ERRORS IN WORD CHOICE
Word-choice errors involve the incorrect use of one word in place of another. These two words may be related forms (otber and anotber, for example), or they may be completely different (do and make, for example).
Descriptions of some of the most common word choice errors are given below.
A) Wrong Choice of Make or Do
The verb to do is often used in place of to make, and to make in place of to do. In its basic sense, to make means to produce, to create, to construct, while to do means to perform, to act, to accomplish. These verbs are also used in a number of set expressions:
make advances |
make an offer |
make an attempt |
make a plan |
make a comparison |
make a point |
make a contribution |
make a prediction |
make a decision |
make a profit |
make a distinction |
make a promise |
make a forecast |
make a sound/noise |
make an investment |
make a suggestion |
make a law
be made of (= be composed of) make up (= compose)
To make is also used in this pattern: make + someone + adjective (The gift made her happy).
do an assignment |
do a job (errand, chore) |
do business with |
do research |
do one's duty |
do one's work |
do someone a favor |
|
The auxiliary verb do is used rather than repeat main verbs |
(My computer doesn't operate as |
fast as theirs does). |
|
Anytime you see the verb make or do underlined in the Written Expression section, suspect a wordchoice error.
190 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
... Sample Items
Cement is done from varying amounts of limestone, clay, and gypsum.
ABC |
D |
The verb done is incorrect in this sentence. The correct word choice is made.
Small town newspapers often urge readers to make business with local
ABC D
merchants.
The phrase should read do business. ...
B) Wrong Choice of Like or Alike and Like or As
The word alike is incorrectly used in place of like, or like is used in place of alike. These words are used correctly in the following patterns:
LikeA, .. . |
Like birds, mammals are warm-blooded. |
A, like B, .. . |
Birds, like mammals, are warm-blooded. |
A is like .. . |
Birds are like mammals in that they are both warm-blooded. |
A and B are alike ... |
Birds and mammals are alike in that they are both warm-blooded. |
Whenever you see the words alike or like underlined, you should suspect a word-choice error.
The word like is also sometimes confused with the word as. When like is used in a comparison, it is followed by a noun or pronoun. When as is used in a comparison, it is followed by a clause containing a subject and a verb.
I did my experiment just as Paul did.
My results were much like Paul's.
The word as is also used before nouns when it means in place of or in the role of. This is particularly common after certain verbs: serve, function, and use, among others.
The Vice-President served as President when the President was sick.
... Sample Items
Alike their close relative the frogs, toads are amphibians.
- A - BCD
Choice (A) doesn't follow the pattern Like A, |
B ... |
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Asters, as most perennial plants, |
bloom once a year. |
|
A -B- |
-_c- |
- D - |
The word like should be used in place of the word as before a noun phrase
(most perennial plants). ...
192 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
D) Wrong Choice of Another or Other
Use ofAnother and Other
another + singular noun |
other + plural noun |
(Have another sandwich.) |
(I wonder if there is life |
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on other planets.) |
|
determiner + other + noun |
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(There may be life on some |
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other planets.) |
another |
determiner + other |
(Thanks. I'll have another.) |
("I have one book." |
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"I have the other.") |
Another means "one more, an additional one." It can be used as an adjective before a singular nouns or alone as a pronoun.
He needs another piece of paper.
I have one class in that building, and another in the building across the quadrangle.
Other is used as an adjective before a plural noun. It is also used as an adjective before a singular noun when preceded by a determiner such as the, some, any, one, or no. It can also be used alone as a pronoun when preceded by a determiner.
There are other matters I'd like to discuss with you.
One of the books was a novel; the other was a collection of essays.
There's no other place I'd rather visit.
.... Sample Items
Willa Cather is known for My Antonia and another novels
A |
B |
of the American frontier. |
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c |
D |
Before a plural noun, other must be used.
An understudy is an actor who can substitute for other actor
A |
B |
- c - |
in case of an emergency. |
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D |
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Other is used incorrectly in place of another before a singular noun. ....
E) Wrong Choice of Because or Because Of; and Similar Expressions or Although; During or WhenIWhile
Certain expressions, such as because, are adverb clause markers and are used only before clauses. Other expressions, such as because oj, are prepositions and are used before noun phrases or pronouns.
