The Complete Guide To The TOEFL Test
.pdfSection 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 263
Mini-Lesson 2.4
Verbs + Prepositions
account for |
compete with |
insist on |
adjust to |
concentrate on |
interfere with |
agree with/on* |
consist of |
participate in |
attach to |
contribute to |
plan on |
attribute to |
cooperate with |
refer to |
begin with |
deal with |
rely on |
believe in |
depend on |
result in |
belong to |
devote to |
search for |
combine with |
engage in |
|
'Agree with is used with people. |
|
|
Agree on is used with an issue, |
plan, etc. |
|
(I agreed with Mary on that issue.) |
|
|
Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. |
Do you belong |
any campus clubs or organizations? |
|
2. |
Cytology is the branch of biology that deals |
the structure, form, and life of cells. |
|
3. Maybe you should begin your speech ____ some jokes. |
|||
4. |
Let's concentrate |
solving this problem before we discuss the other ones. |
|
5. |
People want friends they can rely ____ |
|
|
6. |
Most essays consist |
an introduction, |
a body, and a conclusion. |
7. |
We didn't plan |
such a long delay. |
|
S.If you are engaged ____ any extracurricular activities, you should mention that fact on your resume.
9.Iron combines ____ oxygen to form rust.
10.After several hours of discussion, the council finally agreed ____ a plan.
11. |
The accident resulted |
several minor injuries. |
|
||
12. |
Storms on the Sun can interfere |
|
radio broadcasts on the Earth. |
|
|
13. |
By the late 1940's, television had begun to seriously compete |
radio for audience and |
|||
|
advertisers. |
|
|
|
|
14. |
That theatrical company can always be depended |
to deliver a good performance. |
|||
15. |
James didn't have any trouble adjusting |
|
the climate in Atlanta because he'd grown up |
||
|
in the South. |
|
|
|
|
16.William insists ____ getting up early, even on weekends.
17.What does this symbol refer ____
IS. |
Occupational physicians search ____ the causes of injury and sickness at the workplace. |
||
19. |
Many companies participated |
the trade fair. |
|
20. |
How do you account |
|
this discrepancy? |
21. |
Do you believe |
any superstitions? |
|
22. |
Workaholics devote too much of their time ____ their jobs. |
||
264 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
Mini-Lesson 2.5
Phrasal Prepositions
according to |
due to |
on account of |
ahead of |
except for |
prior to |
along with |
in favor of |
regardless of |
because of |
in spite of |
thanks to |
by means of |
instead of |
together with |
Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. |
Work on the new highway will be finished ahead |
schedule. |
|
2. |
spite |
the warnings, Phil dove off the cliff. |
|
3. |
The chairman, along |
his staff, attended the conference. |
|
4.According ____ my dictionary, you're mispronouncing that word.
5.Prior ____ her wedding, Nicole's last name was Brooks.
6.Are you ____ favor ____ that amendment or against it?
7.account ____ a lack of funds, the university library will now close at nine instead
____ at eleven.
8.Sunsets may appear more colorful because ____ air pollution.
9.Due ____ a computer error, $100,000 was transferred into]udy's checking account.
10. |
Regardless |
the final score, I'm sure this will be an exciting game. |
|
|
11. |
Glider pilots can actually increase their altitude |
means |
hot air currents |
|
|
called thermals. |
|
|
|
12. |
Thanks |
the financial aid he received, |
he was able to attend the university. |
|
Mini-Lesson 2.6
In, On, and At, Part A
Expressions of Time
+century (in the eighteenth century)
+decade (in the 1990's)
+year (in 1975)
in + season (in the summer)
+month (in july)
+parts of the day (in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon)
+days of the week (on Wednesday)
on
+dates (on October 7)
+time of day (at 6 EM.; at noon)
at + night
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 265
Expressions of Place
+continent (in Africa)
+country (in Mexico)
+state (in Pennsylvania)
in + city (in Los Angeles)
+huilding (in the bank)
+room (in the auditorium)
+the world
+street (on Maxwell Street)
on + floor of a building (on the f()urtb floor) + Earth
at + address (at 123 Commonwealth Avenue)
Exercise: Fill in the hlanks in the sentences helow with the preposition in, |
on, or at. |
||||||
1. John F Kennedy was the first President of the United States to be born |
the twentieth |
||||||
|
century. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
Fruit trees generally bloom |
|
April or May. |
|
|
||
3. |
Gettysburg, the greatest battle ever fought |
North America, took place ____ July |
|||||
|
1863. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. |
I like to shower ____ the morning, hut my roommate likes to shower ____ night. |
||||||
1. |
The President lives |
the White House, which is located ____ 1600 Pennsylvania |
|||||
|
Avenue |
Washington, D.C. |
|
|
|
||
6. |
Many advertising agencies are located |
Madison Avenue |
|
New York City. |
|||
7. |
Jazz was so popular |
|
the 1920's that the decade is sometimes called the Jazz Age. |
||||
8. |
Leaves turn red and gold |
|
the autumn. |
|
|
|
|
9. |
Most college foothall games are played |
Saturdays. |
|
|
|||
10. |
Both Washington and Lincoln were horn |
February. Washington was born ____ |
|||||
|
February 22, |
Lincoln |
|
February 12. |
|
|
|
11. |
About 90% of all the people |
|
New Jersey live |
cities. |
|
||
12. |
The New Year is celehrated |
|
midnight |
January 1. |
|
||
13. |
Dean Hughes' office is |
|
the Administration Building |
|
the third floor. |
||
14. |
Quebec is the largest province |
Canada. |
|
|
|||
266 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
Mini-Lesson 2.7
In, On, and At, Part B
The prepositions in, on, and at are also used in a number of set expressions:
in a book/magazine |
on a bus/train/etc. |
at best/worst |
newspaper |
on fire |
at birth |
in charge (of) |
on the other hand |
at death |
in common (with) |
on purpose |
at first/last |
in danger (of) |
on radio/television |
at least/most |
in detail |
on the whole |
at the moment |
in existence |
|
at once |
in the front/middlelback |
|
at the peak (of) |
in general |
|
at present |
in part |
|
at random |
in the past/future |
|
|
in practice |
|
|
in a row |
|
|
in style |
|
|
in theory |
|
|
Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the preposition in, on, |
or at. |
|||||
1. |
Did you hear that news |
television or read it |
the newspaper? |
|||
2. |
The members of a jury are chosen |
random from a list of voters. |
|
|||
3. |
Videophones are not practical |
present, but they may be |
the near future. |
|||
4. |
Mr. Grigsby is |
charge of the marketing department. |
|
|||
5. |
Please come here |
|
once. |
|
|
|
6. |
I'm sure he didn't break the window ____ purpose. |
|
||||
7. |
Air travel is |
its peak |
the summer. |
|
|
|
8. |
the whole, I enjoyed the movie, but there were a few scenes I didn't like. |
|||||
9. |
Mark is a good friend, but we don't have much |
common. |
|
|||
10. |
Claudia has gotten so many speeding tickets that she's |
danger of losing her driver's |
||||
|
license. |
|
|
|
|
|
11. |
The story ____ the magazine described the incident ____ great detail. |
|||||
12. |
There is |
least one vowel in virtually every English word. |
|
|||
13. |
Five oak trees were planted |
|
a row |
front of the school. |
|
|
14. |
This type of music is no longer |
style. |
|
|
||
15. |
____ general, I found zoology to be an easier subject than botany. |
|
||||
16. |
The American Constitution has been |
existence for over two hundred years. |
||||
17. |
Like many other baby birds, |
ducklings are blind |
birth. |
|
||
18.This book is based ____ part on fact.
19.The ship was ____ fire.
20.____ theory, this idea is quite difficult to understand; ____ the other hand, it is quite simple ____ practice.
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 267
Mini-Lesson 2.8
Other Prepositions
By is often used with forms of communication and trdnsportation:
by car, by plane, by phone, by e:xjJress mail
('Jote: If the noun is plural or is preceded by a determiner, the preposition in or on must be used: in cars, on a boat, on tbe telepbone, in a taxi.)
By is also used with gerunds to show how an action happened:
How did you get an appointment with Dr. Blish?
By calling his secretary.
With is used to indicate the idea of accompaniment or possession:
Melanie came to the party with her friend.
He wanted a house witb a garage.
Without indicates the opposite relationship:
Melanie came to the party witbout ber friend.
He bought a house without a garage.
With also indicates that an instrument was used to perform an action:
He opened the door witb a key.
Without indicates the opposite relationship:
He opened the door witbout a key.
By andfiJr are also llsed in the following expressions:
by chance |
for example |
by far |
for free |
by hand |
for now |
}"or is sometimes used to show purpose; it means "to get."
She went to the store for toothpaste and shampoo.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. Magnetic compasses are not very useful on ships steel hulls.
2.Penicillin was discovered more or less ____ chance.
3.Legal aid organizations provide legal advice for poor people for small fees or ____ free.
4. |
Alaska is |
far the largest state. |
|
|
'). |
Amoebas are so small that they can't be seen |
a microscope. |
||
6. |
Fruits, vegetables. and other agricultural products are generally shipped ____ truck . |
|||
...., Semaphore operators communicate ____ using flags. |
||||
8. |
The most expensive rugs are made |
hand. |
||
9. |
Ice hockey is played |
a hard rubber disk called a puck. |
||
10. |
They traveled to the island ____ a boat. |
|
||
270 Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension
About Reading Comprehension
This part of the exam tests your ability to read and answer questions about passages written in formal written English. It usually contains five passages. After each passage there are usually from eight to twelve questions referring to that passage for a total of fifty questions. The passages vary in length from about seven lines to about thirty-five.
|
Sample Items |
|
Like mammals, birds claim their own territories. A |
|
bird's territory may be small or large. Some birds |
|
claim only their nest and the area right around it, |
(line) |
while others claim far larger territories that include |
(5) |
their feeding areas. Gulls, penguins, and other waterfowl |
|
nest in huge colonies, but even in the biggest colonies, |
|
each male and his mate have small territories of their |
|
own immediately around their nests. |
|
Male birds defend their territory chiefly against other |
(0)males of the same species. In some cases, a warning call or threatening pose may be all the defense needed, but in other cases, intruders may refuse to leave peacefully.
1.What is the main topic of this passage?
(A)Birds that live in colonies
(8)How birds defend their territory
(C)The behavior of birds
(D)Territoriality in birds
Choice (A) deals with particular types of birds-gulls, penguins, and others-but the passage concerns all birds. Choice (8) deals only with the concept of defending a territory. This is the topic of the second paragraph, but not of the passage as a whole. Choice (C) is too general; there are many
types of bird behavior that this passage does not examine. Choice (D) is best, because all the aspects of the passage deal with some factors of birds' territories.
2.According to the passage, male birds defend their territories primarily against
(A)female birds
(B)birds of other species
(C)males of their own species
(D)carnivorous mammals
Lines 9-10 state that male birds" defend their territories chiefly against other males of the same species." There is no mention in the passage of any of the other options.
Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension 271
3.It can be inferred from the passage that gulls and penguins
(A)do not claim a feeding area as part of their territories
(B)share their territories with many other birds
(C)leave their colonies during their nesting season
(D)do not build nests
The passage says that birds which claim their feeding areas have large territories compared to those which do not. Birds living in colonies have "small territories ... immediately around their nests," indicating that their feeding areas would not be part of their territories. Choice (B) contradicts lines 7-8, which state that "each male and his mate ... have small territories of their own." Choice (C) is unlikely because the passage indicates that these birds' nests are part of large colonies; they would not leave during nesting season. Choice (D) is incorrect because these birds' nests are part of their territories.
4.In line 5, the word "it" refers to
(A)a nest
(B)an area
(C)a bird
(D)a territory
Substitute all four answer choices for the word it in line 3; as you'll see, only
(A)is a logical choice.
5.The word "intruders" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A)invaders
(B)youngsters
(C)defenders
CD) guests
It is clear from the passage that the "intruders" mentioned in this line are male birds that "refuse to leave peacefully." Of the four answer choices, only "invaders" (persons or creatures that attack from the outside) could be substituted for the word "intruders" with no major change in meaning. ...
The Passages
The passages cover a wide range of topics, but in general can be classified as follows:
1. |
Science and technology (40%) Includes astronomy, geology, chemistry, physics, |
|
mathematics, zoology, botany, medicine, engineering, mechanics, and so on. |
2. |
North American history, government, geography, and culture (20%) |
3. |
Art (15%) Includes literature, painting, architecture, dance, drama, and so on. |
4.Social science (10%) Includes anthropology, economics, psychology, urban studies, sociology, and so on.
5.Biography (15%)
