The Complete Guide To The TOEFL Test

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 127

1.Aerodynamics is the study of the forces ______ on an object as it moves through the atmosphere.

~ (A) acting __ (B) act

___ (C) are acting __ (D) acted

2. for their strong fiber include flax and hemp.

___ (A) Plants are grown

___ (B) Plants grown

___ (C) Plants that grow

___ (D) To grow plants

3. , Jose Limon's dance troupe often toured abroad.

___ (A) The u.s. State Department sponsored it

___ (B) Sponsored by the U.S. State Department

_ __ (C) The U.S. State Department, which sponsored it

___ (D) The sponsorship of the U.S. State Department

4.Elfreth'sAlJey in Philadelphia is the oldest residential street in the United States, with

______ from 1728.

___ (A) hOllses are dated

___ (B) the dates of the houses

___ (C) the dating of houses

___ (D) hOllses dating

5.In 1821 the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, was laid out in a design ______ after that of Washington, D.C.

___ (A) patterned

___ (B) was patterned

___ (C) a pattern

___ (D) that patterned

___ (B) who knows

___ (C) knowing

___ (D) is known

9.The solitary scientist ______ by himse1fhas in many instances been replaced by a cooperative scientific team.

___ (A) to make important discoveries

___ (B) important discoveries were made

___ (C) has made important discoveries

___ (9) making important discoveries

128 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

10.Geometry is the branch of mathematics ______ the properties of lines, curves, shapes, and surfaces.

___ (A) that concerned with

___ (B) it is concerned with

___ (C) concerned with

___ (D) its concerns are

___ (C) substance has formed

___ (D) forming a substance

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 129

LESSON 20

INCOMPLETE OR MISSING APPOSITIVES

An appositive is a noun phrase that explains or rephrases another noun phrase. It usually comes after the noun which it rephrases. It may also come before the subject of a sentence.

Buffalo Bill, a famousfrontiersman, operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive following a noun)

A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive before the subject)

Appositives are actually reduced adjective clauses. However, unlike adjective clauses, they do not contain a marker or a verb.

Oak, which is one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture. (adjective clause)

Oak, one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture. (appositive)

Appositives are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, but some short appositives (usually names) are not.

Economist Paul Samuelson won a Nobel Prize in 1970.

In Structure items. all or part of an appositive phrase may be missing. In addition, the noun that the appositive refers to or other parts of the main clause may be missing.

connected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley.

(A)which one

(B)it was one

(C)one

(D)was one

Choice (A) is incorrect; there is no verb in the relative clause. Choice (B) has no connecting word to join the clause to the rest of the sentence. Choice (D) is incorrect because a verb cannot be used in an appositive phrase. Note: u'hich was one would also be a correct answer. ...

Exercise 20

Focus: Completing structure problems involving appositives. (Note: The focus for one or two items in this exercises is not appositives; these sentences are marked in the answer key with asterisks.)

Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentences, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.

1.The Democratic Party is older than the other major American political party,

___ (A) which the Republican party

~ (B) the Republican party

___ (C) it is the Republican party

___ (D) the Republican party is

___ (A) groups of cells, are taste buds

____ (B) taste buds, are groups of cells

___ (C) taste buds, these are groups of cells

___ (D) taste buds, groups of cells

and negatively charged particles. __ (A) the term

__ (B) by the term

___ (C) is termed __ (D) terming

11. Jerome Kern's most famoLls work is Showbo({t, ______ most enduring mLlsical comedies. _ (A) it is one of the i1nest,

___ (B) one of the finest,

___ (C) the finest one

___ (D) as the finest of the

___ (B) The Great Dismal Swamp, which

___ (C) The Great Dismal Swamp,

___ (D) The Great Dismal Swamp is

132 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

LESSON 21

INCOMPLETE ADVERB CLAUSES

A) Full Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause consists of a connecting word, called an adverb clause marker (or subordinate conjunction), and at least a subject and a verb.

~

The demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive.

In this example, the adverb clause marker when joins the adverb clause to the main clause. The adverb clause contains a subject (gasoline) and a verb (becomes).

An adverb clause can precede the main clause or follow it. When the adverb clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.

When gasoline becomes more expensive, the demand for economical cars increases.

The following markers are commonly seen in the Structure section:

u,~

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 133

In Structure items, any part of a full adverb clause-the marker, the subject, the verb, and so on­ can be missing from the stem.

B) Clause Markers with -ever

Words that end with -ever are sometimes used as adverb clause markers. (In some sentences, these words are actually noun-clause markers, but they are seldom used that way in Structure items.)

The three -ever words that you are likely to see in the Structure Section are given in the chart below:

C) Reduced Adverb Clauses

When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened). Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a main verb or a subject. They consist of a marker and a participle (either a present or a past participle) or a marker and an adjective.

When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don't feel the force of gravity. (full adverb clause)

When orbiting the earth, astronauts don't feel the force of gravity. (reduced clause with present participle)

Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational. (full adverb clause)

Although damaged, the machine was still operational. (reduced clause with a past participle)

Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (full adverb clause)

Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (reduced clause with an adjective)

You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before, after, and until. Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because.

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 133

In Structure items, any part of a full adverb clause-the marker, the subject, the verb, and so oncan be missing from the stem.

B) Clause Markers with -ever

Words that end with -ever are sometimes used as adverb clause markers. (In some sentences, these words are actually noun-clause markers, but they are seldom used that way in Structure items.)

The three -ever words that you are likely to see in the Structure Section are given in the chart below:

C) Reduced Adverb Clauses

When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened). Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a main verb or a subject. They consist of a marker and a participle (either a present or a past participle) or a marker and an adjective.

'When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don't feel the force of gravity. (full adverb clause)

'When orbiting the earth, astronauts don't feel the force of gravity. (reduced clause with present participle)

Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational. (full adverb clause)

Although damaged, the machine was still operational. (reduced clause with a past participle)

Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (full adverb clause)

Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (reduced clause with an adjective)

You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before, after, and until. Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because.

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 135

______ invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected in a number of ways.

(A)Although is

(B)Despite

(C)Even though it

(D)Although

The best answer completes a reduced adverb clause. In choice (A), the adverb clause lacks a subject and is not a correct reduction because it contains a verb. In choice (B), despite cannot be used with an adjective (only with a noun phrase or pronoun).

(C) does not supply a verb for the adverb clause and is not a correct reduction because it contains a subject.

Because ______ , alabaster can be easily carved.

(A)is soft

(B)softness

(C)of its softness

(D)of soft

Choice (A) lacks a subject in the adverb clause. Choice (B), a noun, could only be used with because of In (D), because of is followed by an adjective; to be correct, it must be followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. ...

Exercise 21

Focus: Completing structure problems involving adverb clauses, reduced adverb clauses, and related prepositional expressions. (Note: Two or three items do not focus on one of these structures. These items are marked in the answer key with an asterisk.)

Directions: Choose the one option-CA), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentences, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.

1.Small sailboats can easily capsize ______ they are not handled carefully.

__ (A) but

___ CC) Nevertheless __ (D) But

.__ (C) It is __ (D) When