Vocabulary notes

1. track - 1) след;

to be on the track of smb. - 1) напасть на след, идти по

чьему-л. следу;

2) преследовать;

The police were on the track of the thief. - Полиция напала

на след вора.

to cover up one’s tracks - заметать следы;

The man was sure he had covered up his tracks. - Он был

уверен, что сумел замести следы.

2) курс, путь; проселочная дорога, тропа;

a track through a forest (a field) - проселочная дорога, ведущая

через лес (поле);

the beaten track - проторенный путь;

Andrew was not a person to follow a beaten track. - Эндрю

был не из тех, кто искал проторенных путей.

to keep track of - следить за (ходом какого-л. процесса,

развитием чего-л.);

to lose track of - 1) потерять нить (чего-л.); 2) потерять

чей-л. след,

You should keep track of current events. - Тебе следует следить

за текущими событиями.

3) рельсовый путь, рельсы, железнодорожные пути;

2. outline - часто pi. очертание (я), силуэт, контур(ы);

an outline map (of Africa, Europe, etc.) - контурная карта

(Африки, Европы и т.п.);

the outline (outlines) of a building (trees, mountains) -

очертания здания (деревьев, гор);

Lanny could hardly make out the outlines of the big house in

the dark. - В темноте Ленни едва различал очертания большого

дома.

2) план; конспект;

an outline of a composition (a lecture, a book) - план сочинения

(лекции, книги;

in outline - 1) в общих чертах; вкратце;

2) нечетко, неясно;

Bosinney showed Soames the design of the house in outline.

- Босини показал Сомсу эскиз проекта дома.

I can tell you the article in outline. - Я могу изложить вам

статью в общих чертах (вкратце).

to outline - изложить вкратце, наметить, изложить в общих

чертах;

to outline a certain historical period (events, etc.) - вкратце

рассказать об определенном историческом периоде (событиях

и т.п.);

to be outlined against smth. - выделяться на фоне (чего-л.);

She was outlined against the sky. - Ее фигура четко вырисовывалась

на фоне неба.

3. rough [rʌf] - 1) (о поверхностях) шероховатый, неровный,

грубый, шершавый;

rough paper - шершавая бумага;

a rough road - неровная (ухабистая) дорога;

rough hair - нечесаные волосы;

2) бурный, бушующий (о море и т.п.); грубый, неотесанный;

a rough sea - бурное море;

a rough crossing - переход по морю при сильной качке;

a rough day - трудный день;

a rough child - распущенный, драчливый ребенок;

rough luck - горькая доля, неудача;

3) неотделанный; необработанный; неквалифицированный

(о работе);

a rough diamond - а) необработанный алмаз; b) неотесанный

мужлан с золотым сердцем;

4) грубый, невежливый;

rough reply - грубый ответ;

rough words - грубые слова;

he has a rough tongue - он не выбирает выражений, он

невоздержан на язык;

5) (о звуках) режущий слух, неприятный;

4. eye - 1) глаз;

We see with our eyes. - Мы видим глазами.

It was so interesting that I couldn’t take (keep) my eyes off

it. - Это было настолько интересно, что я смотрел и не мог

оторваться.

to keep an eye on - присматривать, приглядывать за..., не

спускать глаз с..., следить за;

Cook asked me to keep an eye on the meat while she was

away. - Кухарка попросила меня приглядеть за мясом, пока

ее не будет.

to open a person’s eyes to smth. - открыть кому-л. глаза

на что-л.;

His words opened my eyes to their relations. - Его слова

открыли мне глаза на их отношения (на сущность их отношений).

to make eyes at a person - строить кому-л. глазки;

to see eye to eye with a person - полностью соглашаться

с кем-л., смотреть одними глазами;

I regret I don’t see eye to eye with you on that subject. -

К сожалению, мы с вами расходимся во взглядах на этот

вопрос.

the apple of one’s eye - зеница ока;

His daughter is the apple of his eye. - Он в дочери души

не чает.

with an eye to - с видами на (что-л.), в расчете на (что-

л.); с целью, для того, чтобы;

I didn’t come here for pleasure but with an eye to business. -

Я пришел сюда не для развлечения, а ради дела.

to close one’s eyes to - закрывать глаза на (что-л.);

You should close your eyes to her misbehaviour. - Лучше не

замечать ее плохого поведения.

to run one’s eyes over (through) - просматривать, пробегать

глазами;

He quickly ran his eyes over the page. - Он быстро пробежал

глазами страницу.

to have an eye for - быть знатоком, любителем, ценителем

(кого-л. или чего-л.), знать толк (в ком-л. или чем-л.);

разбираться в чем-л.;

to have an eye for beauty - быть ценителем прекрасного;

2) ушко (иглы); петелька (для крючка); кольцо (к которому

что-л. прикрепляется);

an electronic eye - электронный глаз;

to eye - разглядывать, рассматривать; следить (за кем-л.),

не спускать глаз (с кого-л.);

5. to wonder vt/i - 1) интересоваться, желать знать, задавать

себе вопрос;

I wonder who he is (what he wants, why he is late, whether

he’ll come, if it is correct, how you can be so tactless as to say

that...) - Интересно, кто он (чего он хочет, почему он опоздал,

придет ли он, правильно ли это, как вы можете быть настолько

бестактны, чтобы говорить...)

Who is he? I wonder? - Интересно, кто он такой?

What does he want, I wonder? - Интересно, чего он хочет.

2) изумляться, поражаться; восхищаться;

I wonder at your saying that. - Я поражен вашими словами,

wonder п - чудо; нечто удивительное, неожиданное;

Manned flights to space are the wonder of modern science. -

Современная наука подарила нам чудо полетов в космос.

Her eyes are the wonder. - Самое удивительное - это ее

глаза.

A wonder lasts but nine days (proverb). - Все приедается.

She has worked unsparingly at this task. It is no wonder that

she overstrained herself. - Она работала не жалея сил, выполняя

это задание. Неудивительно, что она переутомилась.

Не refuses to help and no wonder. - Он отказывается помогать,

да это и неудивительно.

6. to limp vi - хромать;

Ashurst was limping along. - Эшхерст шел, хромая.

The man limped on. - Он ковылял дальше.

The wounded soldier limped off the battlefield. - Раненый

солдат, хромая, ушел с поля боя.

a limp - хромота, прихрамывание;

to walk with a limp - идти, хромая, хромать;

to have a bad limp - сильно хромать;

lame - 1) хромой;

a lame man (child, horse) - хромой человек (ребенок,

конь);

to be lame in the’s right (left) foot - хромать на правую

(левую) ногу;

to go lame - охрометь;

a lame duck - 1) неудачник, невезучий человек; бедолага;

2) амер. политический деятель, завершающий свое пребывание

на выборном посту;

2. неудачный, неубедительный, неудовлетворительный;

lame excuse - неудачная (неубедительная) отговорка;

lame argument - неубедительный довод;

lame story - нескладный рассказ;

lame explanation - неудовлетворительное (неубедительное)

объяснение;

His explanation sounded lame. - Его объяснение звучало

неубедительно.

7. put - класть, ставить, помещать;

Put more sugar in you tea. - Положи в свой чай больше сахара.

Put the book in its right place, the flowers into the water,

a mark against his name. - поставить книгу на место, цветы

в воду, отметку напротив его имени.

George put an advertisement in a newspaper. - Джордж поместил

(дал) объявление в газете.

2) определять, помещать; приводить (в определенное

положение, состояние и т.п.);

Jim was put in prison. - Джима посадили в тюрьму.

Put yourself in my place. - Поставьте себя на мое место.

Put it out of your mind. - He думайте об этом.

Let’s put the documents in order. - Давайте приведем документы

в порядок.

The new manager put an end to the slack discipline. - Новый

менеджер положил конец расхлябанности.

She knew how to put him at his ease. - Она знала, как успокоить

его (как сделать так, чтобы он чувствовал себя свободно/

как дома).

3) выразить, выразиться, сказать;

I don’t know how to put it. - Я не знаю, как это сказать.

I wouldn’t put it that way. - Я бы так не сказал.

I’ve put it badly. - Я неудачно выразился.

to put in black and white - изложить в письменной форме;

I’d like to put a question to you. - Я бы хотел задать вам вопрос.

4) подвергать; заставлять что-л. делать;

to put smb. to expense - вводить кого-л. в расходы;

to put smb. to inconvenience - причинить кому-л. неудобства;

to put smb. to a test - подвергать кого-л. испытанию;

With postlogues

to put aside - 1) отложить (в сторону);

2) откладывать, копить;

to put away - убирать, прятать что-л. (в коробку, шкаф и

т.п.);

to put away one’s things, books, a letter - убрать свои вещи,

книги, письмо;

to put back - 1) возвращать, класть что-л. обратно, на

место;

2) передвигать (стрелки часов) назад;

The clock was 5 minutes fast and he put back the hands. -

Часы спешили на 5 минут, и он передвинул стрелки назад.

Put the dictionary back on the shelf, please. - Пожалуйста,

поставьте словарь обратно на полку,

to put down - записать;

to put down to - объяснять что-л. чем-л., считать что-л.

результатом чего-л.;

The flu was put down to damp weather. - Грипп посчитали

результатом сырой погоды.

to put in - прерывать, вмешиваться (в разговор);

to put in a word for a friend - замолвить словечко за друга;

to put off - 1) отложить;

Never put offtill tomorrow what you can do today. - Никогда

не откладывай на завтра то, что можешь сделать сегодня.

The meeting was put off till Monday (for two days). - Собрание

отложили до понедельника (на два дня).

2) отделаться (от кого-л.);

She tried to put me off with a jest. - Она попыталась отделаться

от меня шуткой (отшутиться).

She tried to put me off with promises (excuses). - Она попыталась

отделаться от меня обещаниями (отговорками).

to put on - 1) принимать вид, прикидываться, притворяться;

2) прибавлять, увеличивать (напр., вес);

His modesty is all put on. - Вся его скромность напускная.

She went on a diet, so as not to put on weight. - Она села на

диету, чтобы не толстеть.

We must put on the pace, otherwise we’ll be late. - Нам надо

прибавить шагу, иначе мы опоздаем.

to put out - 1) гасить, тушить; 2) выбивать из колеи, выводить

из равновесия; беспокоить, причинять неудобства;

Put out the candle (the fire, the lamp, the gas). - Погаси свечу

(огонь, лампу, выключи газ).

Не was very much put out by the unexpected delay. - Неожиданная

задержка совершенно выбила его из колеи.

to put through (to smb.) - соединить с кем-л. по телефону;

Put me through to the manager, please. - Соедините меня,

пожалуйста, с менеджером.

to put up - 1) поднимать (что-л.) выше; 2) останавливаться

(в гостинице и т.п.); размещать, принимать кого-л.,

давать приют;

The boy put up his hand eager to answer the teacher’s question.

- Мальчик поднял руку, горя желанием ответить на вопрос

учителя.

We shall put up at an inn for the night. - Мы заночуем на

постоялом дворе/в гостинице.

The landlady agreed to put us up if we didn’t mind sharing

the room. - Хозяйка согласилась дать нам приют, если

мы не возражаем против того, чтобы поселиться в одной

комнате.

to put up with - смириться с чем-л., терпеть что-л.;

I can’t and won’t put up with all this noise. - Я не могу и не

буду терпеть весь этот шум.

8. shy - стеснительный, робкий;

a shy person (boy, girl) - стеснительный человек (мальчик/

парнишка, -ая девушка/девочка);

a shy smile - робкая улыбка;

Amelia wasn’t shy of showing John her affection. - Эмилия

не боялась (не стеснялась) демонстрировать Джону свою

любовь.

shyness п. - стеснительность, робость; смущение;

She spoke without shyness. - Она говорила без смущения.

shyly adv. - стеснительно, робко; смущенно;

She dropped her eyes shyly. - Она смущенно опустила

глаза.

9. stretch - 1) протянуть(ся), натянуть(ся), вытянуть(ся),

растянуть(ся), потянуть(ся);

Silk socks stretch, woollen ones shrink. - Шелковые носки

растягиваются, а шерстяные садятся.

They stretched a wire across the road. - Они натянули по-

перёк дороги проволоку.

Не rose, stretched himself and made for the bathroom. - Он

встал, потянулся и направился в ванную.

Не stretched out his hand with the letter. - Он протянул руку

с письмом.

to stretch one’s legs - размять ноги;

Let’s go for a stroll to stretch our legs. - Давай прогуляемся,

чтобы размять ноги.

2) растягиваться; простираться;

Не stretched himself out on the lawn. - Он растянулся на

лужайке.

stretch п. - промежуток времени;

at a stretch - подряд; без перерыва;

outstretched adj. - протянутый, вытянутый, распростертый;

His outstretched hand remained in the air. - Его протянутая

рука повисла в воздухе.

10. to hold (held, held) vt/i - 1) держать (в руке и т.п.);

Не was holding a book in his hands. - Он держал в руках

книгу.

to hold on (to smth.) - держаться (за что-л.);

Robinson was holding on to a branch. - Робинсон держался

за ветку.

Hold your arms out. - Вытяни/Протяни руки.

Hold your head up. - Держи голову прямо.

to hold out one’s hand - протянуть руку;

Annie held out her hand with a little package in it. - Энни

протянула руку с маленьким свертком.

to hold smth. back (from) - утаивать что-л. от кого-л.;

You should hold back this news from them for a while. - Вы

должны какое-то время не сообщать им эту новость.

2) выдерживать (тяжесть, напряжение и т.п.);

A paper bag will hold sand, but it won’t hold water. - В бумажном

мешке можно держать песок, но нельзя держать во-

ду.

Sea water holds many salts in solution. - В морской воде

растворено много солей.

to hold off - удерживать на расстоянии

Hold your dog off. - Придержите своего пса.

3) проводить;

to hold a meeting (examination, lecture, trial etc.) - провести

собрание (экзамен, лекцию, судебный процесс и т.п.);

The meeting will be held on Monday. - Собрание состоится

в понедельник.

They are going to hold a trial there. - Они собираются провести

там суд.

4) продолжаться, держаться, стоять (о погоде и т.п.);

How long will the weather hold? - Как долго простоит

(продержится) такая погода?

to hold together - оставлять целым, скреплять; оставаться

единым, держаться вместе;

Hold together and you won’t be defeated. - Оставайтесь

едины (Держитесь вместе), и вас не смогут победить,

hold п - удерживание;

to catch (get, take, have) hold of a thing or a person -

1) брать, хватать; хвататься за что-л. или кого-л.; 2) добывать;

завладевать чем-л. или кем-л.;

to keep hold of a thing or a person - держаться за что-л.

или кого-л.;

to lose hold of a thing or a person - выпустить что-л. или

кого-л. из рук;

Не caught hold of the rope and climbed on board. - Он ухватился

за веревку и вскарабкался на борт.

WORD COMBINATIONS AND PHRASES

after their last (first, second) year at college (the university) -

проучившись на последнем (первом, втором) курсе колледжа

(университета);

according to smth. (their map, my watch, their orders or

instructions, her words, etc.) - в соответствии (согласно)

чему-либо (согласно их карте, по моим часам, по (с о гласно)

их приказам или инструкциям, по ее словам

и т.п.);

smooth hair (forehead, surface, board, paper, skin, road,

sea) - гладкие волосы (лоб, поверхность, доска, бумага, кожа,

море);

to break into flower - расцвести, зацвести;

to be in leaf (in flower) - с распустившейся листвой

(в цветении);

with one’s eyes on smb. or smth. (with one’s hair flung

back) - глядя на кого-л. или что-л. (откинув волосы назад);

to show smb. the way - показать кому-л. дорогу;

to break in (into a conversation) - перебить, влезть в разговор;

to hurt or pain smb. - болеть (у кого-л.);

My leg is hurting me (hurts). - У меня болит нога.

to take smb. in from head to heel - оглядеть кого-л. с головы

до ног;

to get smth. ready - подготовить что-л.;

there’s no room for - нет места для...;

one at a time - по одному.

Exercise 4, p. 258

1. After their last year (together) at the university they

made up their minds to go to work in the North. 2. According

to his words he is not to blame. 3. The pebbles on the beach

were smooth and shiny. 4. The smooth sea looked empty and

hostile. 5. We drove down the smooth gravel drive and out o f

the white gates. 6. The woman stood leaning against the wall

with her eyes on him. 7. He stood stock-still (совершенно

неподвижно, как столб) with his eyes on the painting.

8. Thank you for showing us the way. 9. I wish you wouldn’t

break into our conversation/break in. 10. Sorry for breaking

into your conversation/for breaking in. 11. The back

hurt/pained me so I couldn’t sleep. 12. She walked on without

complaining though her foot hurt/pained her terribly.

13. She took him in from head to heel. 14. It will take me half

an hour to get everything ready. 15. Have a rest while I get the

spare room ready. 16. The trees will soon be in leaf. 17. What

can be more delightful to the eye than a cherry tree ready to

break into flower? 18. I did not go with them as there was no

room in the car.

Exercise 5, p. 259

1. After their first year together at (the) university they

became great friends. 2. According to the directions/instructions

we must get the camp ready for the tourists’ arrival by

the first of June. 3. According to my watch it’s high time to put

the children to bed. 4. Our trip went (off) smoothly/without

a hitch. 5. The road was smooth and we quickly got to the station.

6. The boy was standing with his eyes on the car. If only

he were/was taken for a ride (in it)! 7. She looked very pretty/

She looked lovely with her hair flung back. 8. I’m afraid we

are going in the wrong direction, let’s ask somebody to show

us the way to the shop. 9. Excuse me for breaking in, but I’ve

got to talk to you right now. Yesterday evening/Last night

I had such a toothache/my tooth pained/hurt me so much

that I couldn’t go to sleep. 11. “Where does it hurt?” asked the

doctor. 12. The landlady took them in from head to heel and

only after that invited them into the house. 13. I’ll get everything

ready in five minutes! 14. The hedge was breaking into

flower filling the air with a sweetish smell. 15. The slender

aspens/asps are in flower. They bloom/They stay in flower

until they are in leaf. 16. There’s no room for another armchair

in the room. It’s too crowded (with furniture) as it is.

17. The teacher asked the children to speak one at a time

because when all of them spoke together it was difficult to

understand what they wanted.

Exercise 8, p. 260

добраться до (какого-л. места) - to make (some place);

питать склонность к - to have a bent for;

сорвать цветок - to pluck a flower;

говорить ерунду - to talk through one’s hat;

на фоне неба - against the sky;

башмаки потрескались - the shoes were split;

с откинутыми назад волосами - with the hair flung back;

поднять руку в знак приветствия - to put up one’s hand in

a salute;

остановиться на ночь - to stay the night;

без смущения - without shyness;

продолжать расспросы - to take up the catechism;

старый яблоневый сад - an old orchard of apple-trees;

комната для гостей - a spare room;

стоять отдельно - to stand by itself;

песчаное дно - a sandy bottom;

свисать над водой - to overhang the water;

глаза, сверкающие как роса - dewy eyes.

Exercise 9, p. 260

1. Frank Ashurst and his friend Robert Garton were travelling

on foot. 2. Giving the knee a rest and talking of the universe.

3. Like some wild prehistorical animal. 4. Garton’s dark curly

thick hair which looked as though its depths had never been

touched by a comb. 5. Robert was talking nonsense. 6. And

Ashurst who saw beauty without giving a thought to (speculat-

ing how) it could benefit him/how he could benefit/profit from

it... 7. His head was bare/He wasn’t wearing a hat, so how could

he take offwhat wasn’t there? 8. Garton went on asking questions.

9. The girl’s aunt’s neck was also long and graceful and

mobile and probably reminded one vaguely of a snake. 10. He

felt unreasonably happy.

Exercise 2, p. 261

A. 1. Дорожка превратилась в каменистую тропу, которая

привела их к главной дороге. 2. «Что вы знаете о вашем

друге Пайле?» - «Весьма немного. Просто наши пути

пересекаются, вот и все». 3. Сказать, что он замел свои

следы, было бы неправдой. Он вообще не оставил следов,

так что нечего было заметать. 4. Вдалеке мы увидели

очертания башни. 5. Старый дуб красиво вырисовывался

на фоне голубого неба. 6. Простыми словами он коротко

изложил просьбу, с которой к нему обратилась Энн.

7. Подошвы его ног были заскорузлыми и мозолистыми

от ходьбы. 8. Ей пришлось тяжело: двух ее сыновей унесла

война. 9. Насколько хорошо этот грузовик приспособлен

к ухабистым проселочным дорогам/к бездорожью?

10. Стол сколочен из необструганных досок. 11. Вот черновой

набросок моей речи. 12. Это единственный вопрос/

пункт, по которому мы с Гарри расходимся (во мнениях).

13. Он привлек мое внимание и тут же пустился в

объяснения. 14. Уверяю вас, что никогда прежде его не

видел. 15. Он еще немного прошел/проехал по дороге,

попутно прикидывая на глазок высоту стены. 16. Лучше

останься здесь и не спускай с него глаз. Я позвоню в

полицию. 17. «Мы пили кофе». – «Тогда неудивительно, что

вам не хочется спать». 18. На свете много чудес, но самое

чудесное/удивительное - это человек. 19. Он знал, что Роберт

послал за ним не затем, чтобы беседовать о погоде, и

теперь гадал, когда же тот заговорит о сути дела.

B. 1. Вы легко узнаете его: он слегка прихрамывает.

2. Думаю, он хромой от рождения. 3. Джун всегда носилась

(fussed over) со своими несчастненькими. 4. Я взял себя в

руки, выдал какие-то неубедительные объяснения, и мы

вместе спустились по лестнице на первый этаж. 5. Наверное,

вы слышали о Люси-хромоножке - хромой девушке

с костылем. 6. Отметьте фамилии отсутствующих студентов.

7. Не может быть, чтобы вы сделали эту ужасную вещь:

отложили поездку туда ради нас. 8. Эта новость положила

конец нашим надеждам. 9. Вы можете предоставить ночлег

еще нескольким гостям/разместить у себя на ночь еще

несколько гостей? 10. Общество писателей было ему явно

непривычно, и мы все тщетно пытались сделать так, чтобы

он перестал чувствовать себя неловко. 11. Я позвонил

друзьям и отложил ту небольшую вечеринку, которую собирался

устроить вечером. 12. «Я не думал об этом в последнее

время. С тех пор как встретил вас», - хотел добавить

он, но вдруг ощутил непонятную робость и промолчал.

13. Она по натуре очень застенчива. 14. Он боится показывать

свои эмоции. 15. Теперь я избавился от той робости

и застенчивости, которую прежде испытывал в общении

с незнакомыми людьми. 16. Он высок, худощав

и у него хорошая выправка/осанка (spare and holds himself

well). 17. На какое-то мгновение он почувствовал

ужасное искушение: ему хотелось промолчать, ведь о его

визите к ним никто ничего не знал. 18. Она продолжала

говорить, отчаянно стараясь удержать его внимание.

19. Теперь, когда молодость ее была позади, что готовило

ей будущее? 20. Было сравнительно прохладно, и я был

рад возможности размять ноги после долгого плавания.

21. Он встал, потянулся и перегнулся через подоконник.

22. Он протянул свои длинные тонкие руки к огню, чувствуя,

что напряжение спало. 23. Девочка вытянула шею и

заглянула (peeped) за верхний край забора.

Exercise 3, р. 262

А. 1. I’m afraid I’ve completely lost track of him. 2. She

stumbled along the steep track that led up the hill. 3. The

man was sure lie had covered up his tracks. 4. The mystery

bored him and he could not keep track of the plot. 5. The

hounds were on the track of the fox. 6 . I know I’ve followed

the wrong track. 7. The quaint ancient castle was outlined

against the dark sky. 8. The student was asked to outline the

historical event. 9. In her letters she had outlined her

life/had told me about her life in outline. 10. The sea is rough

today. 11. His rough manner frightened the children.

12. Should the weather be rough, do not think of riding. 13.

What he told me opened my eyes to the true state of affairs.

14. I hope we see eye to eye/I hope I see eye to eye with you

in this matter. 15.I never set eyes on her before. (Very informal:

I never clapped eyes on her.) 17. His words opened my

eyes to their plans. 18. You should keep an eye on the children

when they are playing. 19. He has an eye for a pretty

girl. 20. A half-indignant mutter arose about him but he just

closed his eyes to it.

В. 1. Television is one of contemporary world’s wonders.

2. It’s no wonder/No wonder/Small wonder that your words

sent her temper up. 3. I wonder at her saying that. 4 . I wonder

what she told you./What did she tell you I wonder? 5. Melody

wondered if she would ever find the courage to dare to confide

in Sarah. 6. This is a lame argument, it does not prove anything.

7. How would you put this in French? 8. The outbreak

(вспышка) of dysentery was put down to bad drinking-water.

9. I’ll put in a word for you, I promise. 10. His modesty is all put

on. 11. He was very much put out by the loss of the document.

12. Let’s put offour hiking tour until the weather is better.

13. Don’t be shy of ringing me up any time. I’ll be in the whole

day. 14. She stretched out/held out her fragile hand to her

cousin and touched his wife softly with the other. 15. He

stretched himself out on the settee and watched the canary

hop about in its cage. 16. Hurst parish stretches over miles o f

sandy lowland and sandstone hill. 17. The meeting was held in

the hospital dining-room. 18. He had been careful to hold

back what he knew about the subject. 19. She did not know

whether or not to hold out her hand.

Exercise 4, p. 263

A. 1. I clean forgot about the time/the passage of time./

I completely forgot that there was such a thing as time./The

fact that the time was passing and sooner or later this would

end had slipped my mind. It was wonderful. 2. He was very

careful not to leave any signs/marks that could let people

know where he had been or what he had done. 3. You are

thinking in a way that’s likely to lead to an incorrect result./

You are after the wrong person/You are barking up the wrong

tree/You are suspecting the wrong person/You’ve chosen

a wrong way. 4. It was that, that eventually made our friend

guess/understand what had happened. 5. I hope you don’t

expect me to follow all the details? 6. The dim white contour

of her summer dress was all that I could see. 7. I begin to see -

not what you would like me to see - the shape of a face and

a form - but the shape of a mind./ I begin to see - not what

you would like me to see - not the way he/she looks but the

way his/her mind works. 8. He was prepared to accept the

bad things in life as well as the good ones./He realized that it

wouldn’t be all plain sailing and was prepared to face the

problems as they came./He realized that there might be

problems and difficulties and was prepared to face them.

9. Mrs. Steptoe believes in treating poor relations unkindly/

looking down her nose on poor relations and being unpleasant

to them. 10. Hance was an old man with a brusque/impolite

tongue and compassionate eyes. 11. She shook hands

very firmly looking me straight in the face. 12. Do you mind

looking through/glancing at these accounts? 13. Well, I don’t

suppose there’s hope of making you understand the realities

of life/there’s no hope of making you give up your illusions

and see life as it really is. 14. He pictured the image of the girl

to himself/He saw the girl in his mind’s eye. 15. She has no

opinions of her own: she sees everything just like her mother.

16. She gave/told me the main points of the article but I read

it myself. 17. He spoke briefly about the events of those stirring

days. 18. I can never get over the marvels of modern science.

19. The Christmas tree, of what they had never seen the

likes, filled them with admiration and amazement/awe.

20. Finch considered whether he should embrace the boy -

give him a hug and a kiss. 21. It’s very surprising/I’m very surprised/

it’s a miracle you got here at all. 22. The X-ray treatment

has remarkably improved his condition.

B. 1. A lean old gentleman rose from his chair and hobbled

forward to meet me/and walked forward in such a way

that it was evident that one of his legs or feet was injured, stiff

or malformed. 2. He tried to prevent me from what I intended

to do by making empty promises. 3. This will make me

spend a lot of money. 4. I can’t stand this noise any longer.

I am going to try and put an end to it. 5. Don’t try to assume

that air of injured dignity: I can see through you pretence/

Don't try to pretend that your dignity is injured: I know that

you are play-acting. 6. He tried not to think about/to forget

the incident. 7. I think in those days we sometimes hesitated/

didn’t dare to show our emotions. 8. I thought if we had

spent one evening together perhaps he would dare to ask me

of his own accord another time. 9. He is capable of speaking

24 hours running/in a row/non-stop/without stopping.

10. A wet railway line/Wet rails and ties ran into the desolate

distance. 11. We didn’t know what the future held in store for

us/We hadn’t the least notion/the faintest idea what would

happen to us in the future. 12. A girl in a cotton dress and

straw hat ran up to him her hands held out. 13. You have the

air of one who can dictate the terms/who has all the trumps

(and will have everything their own way). 14. She can stand

her ground with anyone and she isn’t one to be trifled with.

15. Can I suggest an alternative solution that’s likely to

work/an alternative sensible solution? 16. I’d like to be able

to behave in this town in a way that shows that I have no

cause to be ashamed of myself and that I expect respect.

Exercise 5, p. 264

shy - timid

1. A bold man by nature, he was shy as a boy in the presence

of women. 2. “The soup is beastly!” old Osborn roared, in answer

to a timid look of inquiry from his daughter.

shy - self-conscious

1. She was obviously wearing her best clothes and had the

self-conscious wooden smile on her face. 2. The girl looked at

the man with a shy smile.

rude - rough

1. Though rough in manner and speech the old soldier was

at heart kind and considerate. 2. Squire Western was rude to the

servants and the women of his household.

rough - coarse

1. The surface of the stone is rough. It needs polishing. 2. The

fire gleamed on the coarse white tablecloth.

Exercise 6, p. 264

A. 1. Our train is on track five, let’s hurry up/let’s walk

faster. 2. Sinking into the deep snow the hound was follow-

ing a hare’s tracks. 3. He is not the kind of man/person (He is

not one/He is not a man/person) to follow the beaten track.

4 . I have lost track of his reasoning and couldn’t understand

what he was talking about. 5. Beyond the railway/railroad

(US) tracks there was a field which stretched to the (very)

horizon. 6. Here’s the outline of my report. Will you look it

through? 7. Unfortunately I don’t have this article with me

now but if you wish I can outline it to you/tell you what it’s

about in outline. 8. The road was rough from the tracks of

countless wheels. 9. The man was wearing (a short overcoat)

made of coarse cloth/fabric/a short coarse overcoat and no

hat. 10. The woman’s hands were rough from washing

clothes and dishes/from laundering and washing up.

11. I don’t advise you to write a rough copy of the paper: you

won’t have the time to rewrite it (you won’t have the time to

write a fair copy then). 12. I’m afraid that Father and I don’t

see eye to eye on this point. 13. There’s something wrong

with her, keep an eye on her. 14. He ran his eyes

over/through the list and saw his name on it. 15. He is

a clever artist with an eye for colour. 16. The doll was so pretty

that the little girl couldn’t take her eyes offit. 17. I’ve come

here with an eye to/with a view to getting to the bottom o f

this affair/to clearing up this matter. 18. She couldn’t thread

the needle because the eye was too small. 19. The boy caught

the teacher’s eye and stopped talking. 20. No wonder/Small

wonder/It is no wonder (that) it’s so cold: the window is

open. 21. I wonder why the doctor has given up/dropped

medical practice. 22. It’s a wonder to me how one can be so

tactless.

B. 1. Why are you lame in the right foot? - I’ve slipped

and fallen. 2. Tim noticed that the girl was walking with

a slight limp. 3. She made up some lame story to excuse her

being late/her late arrival (some lame excuse for being late).

4. The old man shifted the hard straw-filled/straw-stuffed

pillow and drew/pulled/ stretched the blanket over himself.

5. Have you got a pen? I’m afraid I’ll forget your address

if I don’t put it down/write it down/take it down/make

a note of it. 6. I’ve got everything ready. Put aside your work

and let’s have supper/dinner. 7. It’s time to put the winter

clothes away or they will/may/might be eaten by moths/or

moths may get to them. 8. I put all his failures to a lack of

confidence. 9. I know him well enough and I’m sure that

he’ll cope with this work/job. One should put in a word for

him or it may be given to someone else, and he is very interested

in it. 10. We can’t accept this offer without thinking

everything over properly. Let’s put offthe decision till

tomorrow. 11. The fact that the paragraph was put on the

first page shows (testifies to) the importance of this event.

12. Why do you want to put up at a hotel? Stay with us as

long as you wish, w e’ve got a lot of room. 13. “I don’t want to

put up with you laziness,” the father said. “You must do this

work today.” 14. She struck me as a clever but very shy girl.

15. “Here’s you room. If you need something don’t be shy of

calling me/don’t nesitate to call me,” the hostess said.

16. The girl got very shy when I addressed her. 17. These

woollen socks have shrunk a lot, can they be stretched

somehow? 18. Anne stretched a clothes-line between two

trees and began to hang the underwear on it. 19. Finley

spread his coat over/on the wet grass and stretched himself

(out) on it. 20. I don’t know why they have to hold a trial

here, at my place,” said Mr. White. 21. Do you think this bag

will hold the apples? 22. He held his breath and pricked his

ears. 23. This warm spell is temporary. This kind of weather

won’t hold long. 24. At that moment the boy lost hold of the

rope and fell to the ground/plopped down.

Exercise 7, p. 266

оставлять следы - to leave tracks;

замести следы - to cover up one’s tracks;

избитый путь - the beaten track;

вырисовываться на фоне - to be outlined against;

растрепанные волосы - rough hair;

черновик - a rough copy;

присматривать за - to keep an eye on;

открыть кому-л. глаза на... - to open one’s eyes to;

строить глазки - to make eyes (at smb.);

смотреть сквозь пальцы на что-л. - to turn a blind eye to

smth.; to close one’s eyes to smth.;

знать в чем-то толк - to have an eye for smth.;

с намерением - with an eye to;

хромать на правую (левую) ногу - to be lame of/in the

right (left) foot/leg;

неудачная отговорка - a lame excuse;

выбросить из головы - to put smth. out of one’s mind;

ввести в расходы - to put smb. to expense;

примириться с... - to put up with;

застенчивая улыбка - a shy smile;

размять ноги - to stretch one’s legs;

без перерыва - at a stretch;

протянуть руку - to stretch out one’s hand/to hold out

one’s hand;

скрыть что-л. - to hold smth. back; to keep smth/ back;

схватить за - to catch (take, get, seize, grip, lay) hold of.

Exercise 12, p. 267

1. My sister was very ill and I had to sit up all night with

her. 2. This little stream never dries up. 3. You have worked

very well so far; keep it up. 4. You have got the story all

mixed up. 5. The home was burned down before the fire

brigade came. 6. The sleeves of my dress are too short. I must

ask the tailor to let them down an inch. 7. We can’t buy that

car just yet, but we are saving up. 8. After dinner I’ll wash up.

9. Sit down, there is plenty of room for everyone. 10. Your

coat collar is up at the back, shall I turn it down? 11. Don’t

stand under a high tree during a thunderstorm. 12. I can’t

use my office now, it is under repair. 13-I did this under

orders. 14. Under the circumstances I will not give you any

extra work. 15. He is under age and cannot be allowed to be

independent.

Exercise 13, p. 267

1. At five o ’clock I was already up and without wasting

time set to work/started working. 2. Hang up your overcoat

here, I’ll show you the way to your room. 3. I’ve picked up

a handkerchief. Is it yours? 4. Her parents died when she was

still a little girl and she has been brought up by an aunt.

5. The boy turned the box upside down, and the toys scattered/

slipped all over the floor. 6 . I was up all night, and now

I’m dropping with fatigue. 7. Let’s go up this hill, it (its top)

gives/offers a very lovely view of the river. 8. Yesterday

Mother fell down the stairs and hurt/injured her foot/leg.

I’m very worried about her./I worry about her very much.

9. I’m feeling off colour/under the weather/unwell, I’d better

go and lie down. 10. I don’t like looking down from a big

height, I feel dizzy. 11. You had better put down my address

in a notebook, you may lose this sheet/slip of paper.

12. A large part of the city was flooded/was covered with

water/was under water. 13. A boy of about five was sitting

at a desk alone. 14. A lot of writers publish their works under

assumed names. 15. The students were conducting/carrying

out/making an experiment under the guidance of a professor.

CONVERSATION AND DISCUSSION

MAN AND NATURE

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

Natural resources and attractions. - Природные ресурсы

и достопримечательности:

minerals - минералы; полезные ископаемые;

(fresh) water supplies (reservoirs) - запасы (пресной)

воды;

reservoir ['rezəvwɑ:] - водохранилище;

flood - 1) наводнение; половодье; разлив; 2) поток;

rainfall - осадки;

vegetation - растительность;

greenery - зелень; растительность; листва;

woodland - лесной массив, лесистая местность;

woodlands - лесные массивы;

forestry - лесоводство, лесное хозяйство;

wildlife - дикая природа;

animal kingdom - животный мир;

animal population - популяция животных;

flora and fauna [fɒ:nə] - флора и фауна;

arable land (soil) (also ploughland) - пахотная земля;

cultivated land - обработанная земля;

open land - открытый грунт; свободное пространство;

“green” belts — зеленые пояса (вокруг городов);

recreation areas - зоны отдыха;

coastal areas - прибрежные районы;

country (national) parks - национальные парки;

clear landscapes - открытые ландшафты;

public open spaces - открытые пространства для общего

пользования.

Environment and man. - Окружающая среда и человек:

to link man to nature - устанавливать связь человека

с природой;

to adapt to environment - приспособить(ся) к окружающей

среде;

to be preoccupied with economic growth - заботиться об

экономическом росте;

unrestricted industrialization - безудержная индустриализация;

the sprawl of large built-up areas - беспорядочное расширение

районов застройки;

to upset the biological balance - нарушить биологическое

равновесие;

to abuse nature - хищнически эксплуатировать природу,

нерационально использовать природные ресурсы;

to disfigure (litter) the landscape - уродовать (засорять)

местность;

ecology - экология;

ecosystem - экосистема;

to be environment-conscious - понимать необходимость

охраны окружающей среды;

to be environment-educated - быть экологически образованным.

Environmental destruction and pollution. - Разрушение

и загрязнение окружающей среды:

land pollution - загрязнение грунта;

derelict land - заброшенная земля;

industrial waste - промышленные отходы;

the by-products of massive industrialization - отходы массовой

индустриализации, пригодные для использования

в других отраслях, побочные продукты массовой индустри-

ализации;

to dump waste (products) on land - вываливать/выли-

вать/высыпать отходы на землю;

extensive use of agrochemicals - экстенсивное использование

агрохимикатов/ядохимикатов;

the denudation of soil - денудация/оголение грунта;

the toxic fall-outs of materials - токсичные осадки;

water pollution - загрязнение воды;

a dropping water level - снижающийся уровень воды;

to face the fresh water supply problem - бороться с проблемой

уменьшения запасов пресной воды;

depletion of water resources - истощение ресурсов/ис-

точников воды;

the disruption of water cycle - нарушение круговорота воды

в природе;

marine pollution - загрязнение морской воды;

oil spillage - разлив нефти;

air (atmospheric) pollution - загрязнение воздуха (атмосферы);

the air pollution index - уровень загрязнения воздуха;

to produce foul air - загрязнять воздух;

to exhaust toxic gases (fuel) - выбрасывать токсичные газы

(-oe топливо);

combustion of fuel - сгорание топлива;

concentrations of smoke in the air - уровни концентрации

дыма в воздухе;

dust content in the air - содержание пыли в воздухе; загрязнение

воздуха пылью;

radiation - радиация;

high (low) radioactivity - высокая (низкая) радиоактивность;

to store (disperse) radioactive waste - хранить (распространять)

радиоактивные отходы;

noise offenders (pollutants) - источники шума, превышающего

нормы; нарушители предельных уровней шума;

merciless killing of animals - безжалостное истребление

животных;

destruction of animals habitats - разрушение естественной

среды обитания животных.

Nature conservation and environment protection. -

Охрана природы и защита окружающей среды:

a global imperative for environment - важнейшая задача

охраны окружающей среды;

global environmental security - всемирная экологическая

безопасность;

to preserve ecosystems - сохранять экосистемы;

to create disaster-prevention programs - создавать программы

по защите от катастроф/стихийных бедствий;

to harmonize industry and community - гармонизировать

деятельность промышленных предприятий и жизнь населения;

plants and people - растения и люди;

conservation movement - экологическое движение;

to preserve woodlands - сохранять лесные массивы;

to protect and reproduce animal (fish, bird) reserves - сохранять

и воспроизводить популяцию животных (рыб,

птиц);

to fight pollution - бороться с загрязнением окружающей

среды;

to install antipollution equipment - создавать очистные

сооружения;

to minimize noise disturbance - сводить к минимуму шумовое

загрязнение;

to reduce pollution - уменьшать загрязнение окружающей

среды;

to dispose of garbage (litter, waste) - удалять мусор (мусор,

отходы).

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

MORPHOLOGY

Exercise 1, p. 362

1. Normally no article is used with names of people as they

point out individuals, so the proper nouns Peter (first name),

Carl (middle name) and Faberge (surname) are used without

articles.

2 and 7. These are cases of a metonymic transfer. In these

sentences the names of the famous jeweller (Faberge) and

painters (Levitan and Aivazovsky) are used to denote their works

and thus become common countable nouns. As such they must

be used with articles. The indefinite classifying article is used,

because the works of art in both sentences are mentioned for

the first time.

3. No article is used if the name of a person is modified by the

descriptive attribute little. The same rule applies to big, dear,

poor, lucky, old, young, honest, pretty and some others because

they form a part of the name they precede.

4. Big Ben and the Tower are proper names denoting buildings.

The use of articles with names of important buildings varies

from name to name and largely depends on tradition. Most of

them take no article but there are quite a few exceptions which

should be memorized.

5. Here tower is a common noun used in a set phrase with the

classifying indefinite article.

6. In the first clause of this compound sentence “the city” is

a common noun. It is used with the definite article in its specifying

function because it is clear from the context that the city in

question is London. In the second clause of the sentence “the

City” is a proper name. The use of the definite article here is

based on tradition.

8, 10, 15, 16. These are clear cases of a metonymic transfer.

Names of companies usually take no article but here Sony,

Panasonic, Ford, Adidas, Nike and Chanel denote not the manufacturing

companies but items produced by them. As such they

are countable and can take articles including the classifying

indefinite article as in these sentences.

9. There is a legend that the popular nickname for

Academy Awards which were first conferred by the US-based

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1929 for

excellence in acting, directing, writing screenplays and other

aspects of film production stuck to the gilted statuette in the

following way. One of the Academy’s employees, a Margaret

Merrick looked at one of the first statuettes and said, “Why

he looks just like my uncle Oscar!” Thus as a result o f

a metonymic transfer the Academy Awards came to be known

as Oscars. This is a common count noun which takes articles

and has a regular plural.

11. Heniy Ford is a personal name. Generally such names

take no articles and this is just the case.

12 and 13. These are clear cases of a metonymic transfer.

Names of persons become countable common nouns indicating

typical features associated with those names. In sentence

12 the indefinite article is used because the speaker

evidently does not think the boy or young man in question

unique. In sentence 13 the definite article is used because

everybody seems to believe the singer a unique phenomenon.

14. This is another case of a metonymic transfer. The characteristic

qualities of the proverbial Jack-of-call-trades are meant,

so the name becomes a count noun.

17. The definite article is used with the surname in the plural

to indicate the whole family.

18. If a name is preceded by Mr., Mrs. or Miss, the use of the

indefinite article implies that the speaker doesn’t know this

person.

19. See 17 for the Benois. The indefinite article is used before

the name Benois to indicate that one of a family is meant.

20. The definite article is used with the name of a person

modified by descriptive attributes as the limitation is clear from

the context.

21. In the second sentence the name is just that - a personal

name indicating the bearer of the name, so no article is used. In

the first sentence the characteristic qualities of the Cora in question

are meant, and it becomes a countable common noun in

the plural.

22. The name is modified by a descriptive attribute and is the

center of communication, so the indefinite article is used.

Exercise 2, p. 363

1. Can I introduce Margaret Diamond?

2. Can I introduce the Margaret Diamond I told you about last

week?

3. There is a Margaret Diamond waiting for you in the office.

4. Well, mine is a Lincoln, not a Toyota.

5. The National Gallery bought a Constable at the auction.

6. Have you got a Collins that I could borrow?

7. - What a bright pullover! - Yes, it’s a Benetton.

8. - Do you know who invented the Pullman?

9. The actor got a Nika for this film.

10. She was a good actress. She made a rather touching

Natalia Petrovna in “A Month in the Country” by Turgenev.

11. This isn’t the Paris I used to know.

12. There will always be an England for me!

13. The two Americas have different climatic zones.

14. The concert hall bought a new Petroff.

15. How strong the boy isM true Hercules!

Exercise 3, p. 363

1. Could you lend me your Webster? - Will a Hornby do?/Will

a Hornby suit you?

2. You are a real Lovelace! - And you are a Don Juan.

3. I know nothing about painting. I can’t tell a Cezanne from

a Picasso.

4. Is it Lillian? How changed she is! It is surely not the Lillian

I knew when she was a little girl.

5. Can I book a ticket to Birmingham?/Can I pay for a call to

Birmingham? - Yes, but we’ve got two Birminghams in the computer.

Do you need the Birmingham which is in the USA or the

Birmingham in England? - The Birmingham which is in

England.

6 . I bought a new TV set yesterday. - Is it a Sony? - No, it’s

a Philips.

7. We have received a fax from a Romanov.

8. With all those magic tricks of his your son may become

another/a new David Copperfield.

9. I see you’ve got a Honda, haven’t you? - No, it’s my wife’s

new car.

10. A new McDonalds is opening/opens in Moscow tomorrow.

11. Have you got a copy of America to read? Unfortunately

not. But I’ve got Cosmopolitan.

13. I would never have thought that the Morozovs had such

a gorgeous library.

14. To my delight I saw a Dahl in the bookshop and bought it.

15. Stop behaving like that. You are not a Scarlett and I’m not

a Rhett.

16. Why, you are a real James Bond.

17. The police say you keep a Kalashnikov in your house.

18. The girl wants Father Frost to bring her a Barbie for the

New Year.

19. Lord Sandwich invented the sandwich.

20. I’ll have a Martini. - And I’d like a soda, please.

21. The scared/frightened Marina answered the phone call.

22. Now we have a complete “Britannica” and we are very

glad about it.

23. Is Nurse at home? - She is out doing the shopping./She

has gone to the shops/gone shopping.

24. What a lovely shop! - Yes it’s a Valentino.

Exercise 4, p. 364

1. Он подумал, что спать в таком месте было бы безумием.

to sleep is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs

the function of the subject.

2. Дик взобрался на верхушку высокого дуба, чтобы оглядеть

занесенный снегом лес.

to look is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs

the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose.

3. Они бросились бежать напрямик, как олени, и бежали

достаточно быстро, чтобы успеть вовремя.

to run is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It is part of

a compound verbal phasal predicate. To be is also an active nonperfect

simple infinitive. It is an adverbial modifier of consequence.

4. - Продолжай, сынок. Я здесь для того, чтобы выслушать

тебя. - Ну, в общем, я хочу взять свои слова обратно,

сэр. Простите, что я вас обозвал.

to listen and to take are active non-perfect simple infinitives.

To have called is an active perfect infinitive. To listen is part of an

adverbial modifier of purpose. To take and to have called are

parts of objects.

5. Его никто не любит, потому что у него столько денег,

которые он может швырять направо и налево.

to throw around is an active non-perfect infinitive; it performs

the function of an attribute.

6. Чтобы исключить всякую возможность ошибок, необходимо

провести исследования также и в этой области.

to exclude is an active non-perfect simple infinitive, which

serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose. To do is also an active

non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs the function of an

object.

7. Я мало знал о человеке, которого мне предстояло защищать,

и отнюдь не жаждал взяться за его дело.

to defend and to take up are both active non-perfect simple

infinitives. To defend is part of a compound verbal modal predicate

and to take up is an object.

8. Золото и любовные связи похожи в одном: их трудно

скрыть.

to hide is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves

as an object.

9. Есть время ловить рыбу и время сушить сети.

to fish and to dry are active non-perfect simple infinitives

serving as attributes.

10. Я воспользовался удобным случаем, чтобы поговорить

с Пандорой.

to speak is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which

serves as part of an adverbial modifier of purpose.

11. Услышав эту шутку, наш проводник улыбнулся впервые

за все время.

smile is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving

as an object. It is bare because though most of the verbs that

take two objects the first of which is a noun or a pronoun

and the second is an infinitive take an infinitive with the

particle to, some are used with bare infinitives, namely

to make, to let, to have and the verbs of sense perception.

12. Я не заметил, как Кэролайн вышла из дома.

to see and leave are active non-perfect simple infinitives,

to see is an object; leave is part of a complex object/an objective

with an infinitive construction. It is bare because after the verbs

of sense perception such as to see complex objects contain bare

infinitives.

13. Это было чрезвычайно глупо, не правда ли?

to do is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. In this sentence

it serves as an attribute.

14. Слушать Элтона Джона - чистое удовольствие.

to listen is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which performs

the function of the subject.

15. Люди отправляются на сафари, чтобы посмотреть на

диких животных в естественных условиях их обитания.

to watch is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which

serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose.

16. Я пошел в ванную, чтобы ополоснуться холодной

водой.

to cool down is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which

serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose.

17. Стоит ли добавлять что-либо к уже сказанному? Лучше

я замолчу, чтобы, как бы сказать помягче, не усугубить

положение.

Say and stop are active non-perfect simple infinitives. They

are bare because the modal verb need takes a bare infinitive. Both

are parts of compound verbal modal predicates. To cause and to

put are active non-perfect simple infinitives. To cause is part of an

adverbial modifier of purpose, and to put is part of a parenthesis.

18. Чтобы победить в соревновании, Полу нужна была

удача.

to win is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves

as an adverbial modifier of purpose.

19. За этим столом очень удобно работать.

to work at is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs

the function of an object.

20. Мне очень приятно принимать вас в моем доме.

to accept is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as

the subject.

21. С ним трудно иметь дело/ладить.

to deal with is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving

as an object.

22. Мне надо обдумать так много проблем.

to consider is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving

as an attribute.

23. Он отправился на Ближний Восток, чтобы найти там

смерть от желтой лихорадки.

to die is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as part

of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

Exercise 5, p. 365

1. Father is willing to let us be independent.

2. David is known to have taken part in the campaign.

3. I won’t have you say it behind my back.

4. Ever since Simon came here he has been made to look like

a fool.

5. Why not buy something new and smashing?

6. Mother made everybody do some work about the house.

7. She is always seen to walk with her grandchildren.

8. We suppose her to be in her late fifties.

9. I’ve never seen anyone enjoy food so much.

10. I would sooner let myself be cut in a thousand pieces

than betray my friends.

11. The team was announced to have won the Cup.

12. Let’s have a day off, shall we?

13. You’d better not say anything. I’d rather be left alone.

14. The Lovedays can’t afford to buy this house.

15. I was made to scrub the pans and pots.

16. Don’t let’s go home yet.

17. He is known to be an expert on ecology.

18. There is nothing to do but risk it.

19. We have to go now. We can’t wait any more.

20. She felt her shoes pinch.

Exercise 6, p. 365

1. Tomorrow will be a very busy day. You’ve got several clients

to receive and two meetings to attend.

2. I’ve got no time to relax at all. And there is still so much to do!

3. Janice is very hard/difficult to get in touch with. She seems

to be talking on/over the phone/by phone all evening.

4. I’ll have to consult my diary (Br. Eng.)/calendar (Am. Eng),

I may have phone calls to make.

5. To know oneself is to know one’s merits and demerits/

one’s virtues and faults/shortcomings/drawbacks/one’s good

and bad qualities.

6. Books made me revise my world outlook/made me look at

the world with new eyes.

7. The secret is to know how to use different colours (so as/in

order) to produce/have the best possible effect.

8. We advise you not to waste a single day (so as/in order) to

achieve the best possible results.

9. This paste is potent enough to remove all kinds (different/

various kinds) of stains.

10. To exclude/To rule out any possibility of (making) a mistake/

an error it is necessary to carry out a thorough investigation/

to investigate the matter thoroughly.

11. Need I say anything else/say more? - No, you’d better

keep silent (you had better stop) so as not to cause more trouble/

not to make things worse.

12. Adrian took the opportunity to talk to his father.

13. He was made to allow the children to go on/for a picnic/

to let the children go on/for a picnic.

14. He built a house for himself never to live in it.

15. It’s hard to trust him/He’s hard to trust. He’s the last man

to turn to for help.

Exercise 7, p. 366

1.

Sentences 1, 2,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,16,17, 18 are

cases of a metonymic transfer.

1. The change of meaning from glass to a glass is quite considerable.

Whereas glass is an uncountable noun of material

meaning a transparent solid substance used for making windows

bottles, etc. - стекло, a glass is a container made of that material

and used for drinking - стакан, бокал. It takes an article.

2. Whereas paper is an uncountable material meaning material

in the form of thin sheets that is used for writing on, wrapping things

etc. - бумага, a paper is a sheet of paper with print or writing on it.

It is countable and means either a newspaper or a document or a letter

or a piece of paper with writing on it that one uses in one’s work.

As such it is countable and if it is singular it takes an article.

3. Wood is an uncountable noun of material which in its general

sense takes no article. It is the material trees are made of -

дерево, древесина. A wood is a small forest.

4. Iron is an uncountable material noun meaning a common

hard metal used to make steel - железо. An iron is a device

made of this metal and used for making clothes smooth - утюг.

It is countable and as such can take articles.

5. String is an uncountable material noun used in such word

combinations as “a piece of string”, “a ball of string” etc. It means

a thin strong thread made of several threads twisted together

used for tying things - бечевка, шнур. A string is a piece of the

above - кусок бечевки, бечевка. In this sense it can be used

with the indefinite article.

6. Coffee is an uncountable material noun and as such can’t

take the indefinite article. A coffee is a portion of the above,

most probably a cup. In this sense the noun is countable, it can

be used with the indefinite article.

7. Cloth is an uncountable material noun meaning material

used for making things such as clothes - ткань, материя.

A cloth is a piece of cloth used for a particular purpose, e.g.

a wet cloth, a clean cloth, a tablecloth, a dishcloth.

8. Rubber is a non-count material noun meaning an elastic

substance used to make tyres, boots etc. - резина. A rubber (Br:

Eng.) is the same as the American eraser - a small piece of rubber

or other material used for rubbing off pencil marks from

paper. It is countable, has a plural and can be used with the

indefinite article.

9. A lamb is a countable common noun meaning a young

sheep - ягненок. Lamb is the meat of the above. It is an

uncountable material noun.

10. Language is an abstract uncountable noun meaning the

use of written or spoken words - речь, язык, e.g. written language,

colloquial language, informal language or the words

and style used in poetry, writing or speech or the words used in

a particular activity or job, e.g. literary language, foul language,

everyday language, medical language, etc. A language

is a system of communication by words which is used by the

people of a particular country or area - язык.

11. Tin is an uncountable material noun meaning a soft silver-

gray non-precious metal - олово. A tin is a small metal

container often tin-plated in whish food or drink is sold or

stored.

12. Study is an abstract noun meaning learning e.g. from

books, especially if you do it at home by yourself - изучение,

учеба, e.g. fond of study, give a lot of one’s time to study etc.

It can’t take the indefinite article but is often used in plural.

A study is either a piece of research, or a room used by smb. for

reading, writing, etc.

13. Light is an uncountable material noun meaning the

energy from the sun, a lamp etc. that makes things visible - свет.

A light is either a particularly type of light or a source of light. It

is a result of a metonymic transfer from light.

14. Air is an uncountable material noun. Air is the mixture of

gases around the Earth that we breathe - воздух. An air is an

appearance, a manner e.g. an air of confidence. It is a common

countable noun which has a plural and can take the indefinite

article.

15. Duck - утятина is the meat of a duck (утка) - a very

common water bird. Duck is an uncountable material noun and

a duck is a class countable one. Duck is derived from a duck as

a result of a metonymic transfer.

16. Gold is an uncountable material noun meaning a soft yellow

precious metal - золото. A gold as a countable noun is

a case of a metonymic transfer from gold. It can mean either the

colour of gold and or a gold medal in which sense it is always

countable and can take the indefinite article.

17. Play is an abstract uncountable noun meaning the things

people do for amusement rather than work - игра. A play is a story

written to be performed by actors - пьеса. As such is a countable

noun which can be used in plural and take the indefinite article.

18. Thought is an abstract uncountable noun meaning an

act or process of thinking or careful consideration - раздумье,

размышления, e.g. lost in thought. A thought is an abstract

countable noun meaning an idea, an intention or an opinion

formed by thinking - мысль.

II.

1. What terrible weather!	What a terrible climate!
2. What (a) beautiful language!	What a beautiful suitcase!
3. What elegant clothes!	What an elegant dress!
4. What heavy rainfall!	What a heavy shower!
5. What a healthy cow!	What healthy cattle!
6. What awful rubbish!	What an awful mess!
7. What clever people!	What a clever person!
8. What a difficult job!	What difficult work!
9. What fresh bread!	What a fresh loaf.
10. What delicious food!	What a delicious meal!
11. What a horrible song!	What horrible music!
12. What tough beef!	What a tough steak!

Exercise 8, p. 367

I.

1. a lottery – lotteries, 2. a fisherman – fishermen, 3. a fish - fish, fishes, 4. a series – series, 5. a Japanese - the Japanese(the entire nation), two, three etc. Japanese (people/men/women ), 6. progress, 7. a person - people, persons, 8. a woman – women, 9. advice, 10. a mouse – mice, 11. petrol, 12. a chef – chefs, 13. information, 14. a foot – feet, 15. weather, 16. a tomato – tomatoes, 17. a means – means, 18. a photo – photos, 19. a leaf – leaves, 20. an ox – oxen, 21. a species – species, 22. a carp - carp, carps, 23. a tooth – teeth, 24. a cuckoo – cuckoos, 25. a taxi – taxis, 26. a menu – menus, 27. toast, 28. a mongoose – mongooses, 29. a disco – discos, 30. a Swiss - the Swiss (the entire nation), two Swiss (people/ men/ girls),

II.

1. a class-mate -class-mates, 2. a forget-me-not- forget-me-nots, 3. a man-of-war -

men-of-war, 4. a man-servant - men-servants, 5. a merry-goround - merry-gorounds, 6. a mother-in-law - mothers-in-law, 7. a passer-by - passers-by, 8. a woman-driver- women-drivers, 9. a grown-up - grown-ups, 10. a hanger-on- hangers-on, 11. a boy-friend - boy-friends, 12. an officeblock - office-blocks, 13. a cupful – cupfuls, 14. a court-martial – courtsmartial, 15. a school-inspector – schoolinspectors.

Exercise 9, p. 367

Complete the table. Note that some of these words of foreign

origin have regular plurals.

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1. cactus	cacti, cactuses	13. memorandum	memoranda, memorandums
2. analysis	analyses	14. stadium	stadiums, stadia
3. stimulus	stimuli	15. museum	museums
4. stratum	strata	16. addendum	addenda, addendums
5. datum	data	17. radius	radii
6. curriculum	curricula, curriculums	18. drama	dramas
7. basis bases		19. genius	geniuses
8. fungus	fungi, funguses	20. appendix	1. appendices; 2. appendixes- (see the difference in meaning in a good dictionary)
9. genus	genera	21. axis	axes
10. index	indices, indexes	22. medium	media
11. crisis	crises	23. album	albums
12. criterion	criteria	24. phenomenon	phenomena

Exercise 10, p. 368

1,2,4,8, 13, 15, 16, 18. All these uncountable abstract nouns

are used without articles because in a general sense such nouns

take no article. It is notworthy that all these nouns: information,

advice, neivs, weather, money, work (in the meaning a job or an

activity that one does, especially in order to earn money -ра бота)

are never used with the indefinite article.

3. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract

noun information because the limitation is clear from the context

out of which the sentence has been taken.

5. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract

noun advice because there is the limiting attribute I gave you.

6. One instance of giving or receiving advice is a piece of

advice. One needs such a long construction because advice

remains an invariable singular noun no matter how often you

give of receive it.

7. For advice see 4 and 6. As for good name the word combination

generally takes an article, mostly the indefinite one, as

name is an abstract countable noun. Here, however, it is used

with zero article, probably to echo good advice which cannot

take the indefinite article.

10. The countable abstract noun weather never takes the

indefinite article. When preceded by a descriptive attribute it

takes no article at all.

I I . The uncountable noun money is never used with the

indefinite article.

12. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract

noun money because there is a limiting attribute.

14. The abstract uncountable noun weather is always used

with the definite article if it is not preceded by a descriptive

attribute.

17. When used in a general sense abstract uncountable

nouns take no article and this is just the case.

Exercise 11, p. 368

1. Play and no work will make you lazy.

2. History repeats itself.

3. Grammar is taught deeply in this school.

4. My father has an old French grammar.

6. Nature should be protected against pollution.

7. He was a man who lived for pleasure.

8. He has a nature like his grandfather’s.

9. It was a pleasure to talk to you.

10. Can you do me a favour?

11. Get down to business, all of you!

12. Charity begins at home.

13. You should study law at university.

14. Language is unique to humans.

15. To succeed in life you need a will.

16. In her youth she was a beauty.

17. We are looking for people with experience.

18. I need a study where I can work quietly.

19. They are looking for work at the moment.

20. Speech is a manifestation of language.

Exercise 12, p. 369

1. What is news and how is it gathered?

2. What is the latest news? - It is very interesting.

3. There is a piece/bit of news I’d like to discuss.

4. Be careful! Such fatal news can kill the old man.

5. A reporter looks through the news he has managed to

obtain/he has been able to get.

6. Bad news travels fast.

7. Most information comes from the press.

8. The spy brought important information.

9. Is the information accurate? Can it be trusted?

10. “Mom, we’ve come to you for advice.”

11. A good piece/bit of advice is what you need now.

12. Do you want advice? OK, I can give you a bit of it.

13. This is an invaluable piece/bit of advice! It comes from

the heart.

14. People like to talk about the weather because it’s a safe

subject.

15. What is the weather like today? - The weather is cold. It

looks like snow

16. I like to roam the forest in the weather favourable to the

growth of mushrooms.

17. Work in a bank was difficult for him.

18. Is this interesting work? Do you like it?

19. He has got an extensive knowledge of physics.

20. The rock concert was a great success.

21. My students are making great progress in the foreign language.

22. There is money in the box. Take it. The money is yours.

23. He counted the money carefully and put it into his wallet.

24. Education is the best investment.

25. He has given his son a first-class education.

Exercise 13, p. 369

1. In both sentences particular sorts of cheese are mentioned,

so the noun cheese has become a class countable one.

2. Material uncountable nouns used in a general sense (food

in this case) take no article. The presence of a descriptive attribute

good makes no difference.

3. Snack is a countable noun used as an attribute to foods

which is also countable because it denotes different sorts of

food. Popcorn is an uncountable noun of material. Since it is

used in a general sense no article is used. A treat is a class noun

used with the indefinite article in its classifying function.

4. Lunch is a class noun. As it is used with a descriptive attribute

very fancy it takes the indefinite article in its classifying function.

Meats is a countable plural noun here because it denotes

different kinds of meat. A salad is also a class countable noun as

it denotes a particular sort of salad. As such it is used with the

indefinite article in its classifying function.

5. In the first sentence the material noun wine is used in its

general sense, so it is uncountable, takes no article and is used

with a singular verb. In the second sentence the noun wines

denotes various sorts of wine so it is countable and plural.

6. A wine denotes a particular sort of wine, so it is countable

and can take the indefinite article.

7. See 5, the second sentence.

8. See 5, the second sentence.

9-10. See 5. Vegetable (9) and Jruit (10) are material nouns

used as attributes.

11. A salad denotes a particular sort of salad, so it is countable.

Fruit is an uncountable noun of material used as an

attribute.

12. Two teas mean two cups of tea, and a coffee denotes

a cup of coffee. When one speaks of portions of tea, coffee,

beer, salad, etc. these material nouns become class countable

ones and can be used with numerals or with “a” meaning

“one”.

13. Chicken here is not a bird but its flesh which one eats as

food, so it is an uncountable noun of material. Fruit is an

uncountable material noun used attributively. Fruil here is a singular

invariable noun. The same applies to toast which unlike

fruit is always singular.

14. See 1.

15. Different sorts of soup are mentioned so the noun

becomes a class countable one. A particular kind of broth is

mentioned, so it is countable and can take the indefinite article.

Teas mean different sorts of tea, so the noun has also become a

class countable one.

Exercise 14, pp. 370-371

I.

1. A singular invariable noun.

2. If the word fruit is used in the botanical sense, that is the

part of a plant, bush or tree which contains the seeds, it can be

countable ( ruiod).

3. The fruits of nature or of the earth are those plant or vegetable

products that may be used for food. These are set expressions

and the word fruit in them is countable.

4. In this sentence the noun fruit is singular and is used in its

botanical sense (See 2). Most oftenfruit has no plural but it doesn’t

mean that it can’t be used with the indefinite article like

advice or toast.

5. To bear fruit is a set phrase meaning to yield results.

Although here the word fruit is used in its figurative sense and

when used figuratively fruit is countable, originally to bearJruit

must have had only a literal meaning and was used with reference

to fruit trees and bushes, so fruit in this sentence is a singular

noun.

6. A singular invariable noun.

7,10,12. Here fruits is a countable noun which means sorts of

fruit. 8. See 1. As fruit is a singular invariable noun it is used with

singular verbs.

11,13,14. See 1 and 4.

II.

I . I spend a lot of money on fruit because I like it.

2. What shall we have for dessert?

3. Fruit is cheap this season, especially apples, bananas and

plums.

4. Formerly/In the past fruit was brought from the Crimea

and the Caucasus/Fruit used to be brought.... Now it is mostly

brought from Latin America, Africa and Italy.

5. They say that you should eat the fruits that grow where you

live.

6. What’s the English for “the fruits of learning”?

7. Fruit salad should consist of different fruits.

8. A lot of exotic fruit can be seen nowadays in our markets.

9. There isn’t much fruit this year. But this is no problem. It

will be imported from abroad.

10. The play “The Fruits of Enlightenment” was written by

Leo Tolstoy.

11. His knowledge is a result/a fruit of long learning.

12. The apricot is a very wholesome food, it is especially good

for the heart.

13. Now I can fully enjoy the fruits of my labour.

14. What fruits do you sell? - Whatever you like.

15. In the north cold-resistant fruit is cultivated.

16. Fruit and vegetables are vegetarians’ main food.

17. We’ve run out of fruit. Someone has to go to the market.

18. Different fruits are used for cosmetic purposes.

Exercise 15, pp. 371-372

I.

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 18. The noun fish and its derivatives

such as starfish (5) have identical forms for the singular and for

the plural. When it is plural it is used with plural verbs.

4, 8. The form fishes denotes different kinds and species of

fish.

In 4 and 11 both forms are used. See above.

14. The plural of the noun fish identical to its singular is used.

The sentence is a set expression which in this case means “There

are many other men you can have a relationship with.”

15. The formfishes is used here just to rhyme with wishes. The

noun fish is singular in the first sentence and plural in the sec-

ond. An odd fish is an old-fashioned expression meaning someone

slightly strange or crazy. A pretty kettle of fish is trouble.

13, 16. Here fish is the flesh of a fish which one eats as food.

It is an uncountable material noun and takes singular verbs.

II. 1. I usually prefer fish to meat.

2. Fish is necessary for our health/for the functioning of our

bodies.

3. Sushi is a popular Japanese food consisting of fish and rice.

4. Fish contains little fat.

5. Amanda swims like a fish.

6. Henry has a large collection of minerals, fishes and birds.

7. My favorite dish is fish and chips.

8. There are very many ways to cook/of cooking fish.

9. There are a lot of fish in this river, but we haven’t caught

any today.

10. There is a lot of meat on the table but little fish.

11. The fishermen were happy, they had caught a lot of fish.

12. Stop thinking about Maxim. There are many other fish in

the sea.

13. How much fish shall I buy? - Two or three fish.

14. The boy was given an album about exotic fishes as a present.

15. He catches fish for pleasure.

16. A shark is a fish which is dangerous for other fish.

17. She is breathing like a fish out of water.

18. The fish is delicious! It melts in the mouth.

Exercise 16, p. 372

1. Here family is viewed as a single undivided body, so it

takes a singular predicate verb.

2. Here the group of people denoted by the collective noun

family is considered as a collection of individuals doing personal

things, so the predicate verb is plural.

3. Here the staff is viewed as an impersonal unit, hence the

singular predicate verb.

4. Here the staff are considered as a collection of people

doing personal things like deciding, so the predicate verb is plural.

5. The media is a collective noun, which can be used with

plural or singular verbs. In conversation both can be used but a

plural form should be used in formal writings.

6. The collective noun police is always used with plural

verbs.

7. Glasses is the plural of glass. In the plural the noun loses

its original meaning and means spectacles.

8. Equipment is a singular invariable noun of material.

Under no circumstances can it become plural.

9. If the noun statistics as in this case means the science of

collecting and examining numbers which represent facts of

measurements, it is always singular and as such is used with singular

verbs.

10. The noun statistics if it denotes a set of numbers representing

facts or measurements as in this sentence is always plural

and is used with plural verbs.

11. Poultry is considered as a collection of living beings,

hence the plural verb.

12. The Government is viewed as an impersonal unit so it

takes a singular predicate verb.

13. The Government is considered as a collection of people

doing personal things like feeling, so this collective noun takes a

plural predicate verb.

14. The collective noun plankton is uncountable and takes

singular predicate verbs.

15. Linen is a noun of material. As such it is uncountable and

takes singular predicate verbs.

16. The noun public is a collective one. Since here the public

are a collection of people performing personal actions like

stopping and staring, the predicate verb is plural.

17. Crowd is a collective noun. The verb is plural not because

here it is a noun of multitude, i.e. a noun denoting a collection of

living beings doing personal things, but because the subject is

plural: we.

Clothes is a plural invariable noun used with plural verbs.

Earnings is a plural invariable noun used with plural predicate

verbs.

20. The noun tights is a plural invariable one used only with

plural verbs.

21. Class is a collective noun. Here it is viewd as a single undivided

body, so a single predicate verb is used.

22. The teacher views her class as a collection of individuals

doing separate things, hence the plural predicate verb.

23. Measles like the names of some other diseases (mumps,

shingles, rickets) is a singular invariable noun taking singular verbs.

Exercise 17, p. 373

1. There are more than 80 species of butterflies on the

British Isles.

2. All my family are good musicians.

3. The dregs on/at the bottom of the glass looked suspicious.

4. His memoirs are very interesting to read.

5. Why are your eyelids so red? - I’ve been peeling onions.

6. The customs are at the end of the corridor.

7. What is the novel about? - The police fight the mafia as

usual.

8. A new series of short stories for beginners was published a

month ago.

9. The gladioli in our garden are very lovely.

10. This information is very interesting, the police are already

studying it.

11. I’ve read Charles Darwin’s book “The Origin of Species”

with interest.

12. These bears belong to a rare species.

13. Such natural phenomena are frequent in this hemisphere.

14. Your jeans are new, but they have holes on the knees. Is

this the latest fashion? - Exactly/Precisely.

15. What are Wellingtons? - They are rubber boots. Even the

Queen herself wears them in rainy weather.

16. There are no preservatives in this juice.

17. I owe you 40 pence, and I’ll pay it back to you right away

18. When we were travelling in the Sahara we saw oases all

the time but they were just mirages.

Exercise 18, p. 374

1, 2. Non-perfect active gerunds used as subjects.

3. Non-perfect active gerunds. Thinking is a subject and

knowing is an object.

4. Non-perfect active gerunds. Proposing is a subject and

performing is an adverbial modifier of manner.

5. Non-perfect active gerunds performing the function of

subjects.

6. Non-perfect active gerunds progressing and denying are

subjects and regressing is a predicative.

7. Non-perfect active gerunds. The first choosing is a predicative,

and the second is a subject.

8. Non-perfect active gerunds. Crossing is a subject, avoiding

is part of an attribute and driving, doing, listening and

having are all subjects.

9. A non-perfect active gerund performing the function of a

subject.

10. Non-perfect active gerunds used as adverbial modifiers

of manner.

11. A non-perfect active gerund used as an adverbial modifier

of manner.

12. A non-perfect active gerund performing the function of

an adverbial modifier of reason.

13. A non-perfect active gerund serving as part of an

attribute.

14. A non-perfect active gerund serving as a subject.

15. A non-perfect active gerund forming part of a compound

phasal predicate.

16. A non-perfect active gerund serving as an object.

17. See 16.

Exercise 19, pp. 374-375

Possible Variants

1. If you seriously want to save money, you’d better give up

smoking/gambling.

2. I don’t mind most housework, but I can’t stand cooking/

washing up/ironing.

3. The puppies looked so sweet that I couldn’t resist patting

them/taking one for my daughter.

4. If you want to ride a horse you won’t be able to avoid

falling from time to time.

5. Must you keep blowing your nose all the time/belching

so loudly every time you drink some soda? It’s really annoying!

6. I’d hate to be a miner! Can you imagine having to work

in the entrails of the earth and getting your face all black

every day?

7. Can I have the newspaper if you have finished reading

it/looking it through?

8. The man the police caught finally admitted stealing/having

stolen the diamonds.

9. When he said he had forgotten the phone number, I suggested

calling his friend whose number was in the telephone

directory.

10. My job as a tourist guide involved showing tourists

around places of interest and explaining things to them in their

own language.

11. Nobody suspects you of cheating/of stealing/of murdering

your wife.

12. Sue never takes the trouble of turning off the lights when

she leaves.

13. Is it worth seeing/reading?

14. I can’t help laughing/crying/giving him a piece of my

mind.

15. Ted hesitated before jumping into the icy water/before

answering.

16. What he loves best is having a good fight/watching

videos.

17. There is little hope of ever getting my money back/of his

graduating with honours.

18. Don’t insist on telling the truth - it will only cause

trouble.

19. Why do you persist in dating this good-for-nothing

boy/in using “good” instead of “well” and vice versa?

20. At the reception I had the pleasure of meeting the most

beautiful and intelligent woman I had ever seen.

Exercise 20, p. 375

1. You must remember to call at the bank on your way home

because we need to order some traveller’s cheques.

2. Could you stop typing for a moment? I need to concentrate

on this letter.

3. I hope you haven’t forgotten to telephone the garage

because the car badly needs servicing.

4. We could try to make a dash for the car if it would only

stop raining for a moment.

5. I’m sure you won’t regret buying the house even though it

needs painting and decorating.

6. I regret to say that he’s forgotten ever promising you a job.

7. I don’t remember taking my wallet out of my bag, but

I must have done it when I stopped to buy petrol.

8. As I told you, he’s rather deaf, so don’t forget to try shouting

if he doesn’t answer the door at first.

9. I’ve considered asking him to raise my salary but I don’t

think he can afford to do/doing it.

10. If the machine happens to stop working just telephone

and arrange for the service engineer to call.

11. I can’t help thinking that we shouldn’t have agreed to

lend him our car.

12. If you’ve finished using the typewriter, I’d like to borrow

it for a while, so that I can get used to typing with that machine.

13. I regret to say I lost my temper with him.

14. He regrets stealing/having stolen money now.

15. Sheila will always regret not going/not having gone to

University.

16. The headmaster does not allow running along the corridors.

17. The teacher on duty does not allow us to run along the

corridors.

18. Don’t forget to write to me when you are away.

19. Have you forgotten about writing to me already?

20. Tony cannot do any work without being told at least

twice.

21. Always remember to wipe your feet before entering the

school during the rainy season.

22. Do you remember wiping your feet before you came into

the house?

Exercise 21, p. 376

1. This is a specifying genitive denoting authorship.

2. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations

(a subjective genitive).

3. This is a specifying genitive denoting belonging/possession.

4. See. 3. In this case the noun in the possessive case is a regular

plural one, so it is followed only by an apostrophe and there

is no suffix “s”.

5,6. Generally only animate nouns are used in the possessive

case but some inanimate nouns can also be used in this way.

Here belong the nouns denoting cities, towns, countries, the

world etc. as well as all locative nouns (schools, cafes, shops

etc.). 7. This is a specifying genitive denoting personal or social

relations. Since Maria Callas’s surname ends in s it can have

both’ and ‘s in the genitive/possessive case, but whether there

is an ‘s or just the apostrophe the pronunciation of the ending

is [iz].

8. This is a specifying genitive denoting authorship. The

apostrophe plus s here is added not to a single noun but to the

end of a whole group of words.

9. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations.

Since this noun is a compound one the s is added to its final

component.

10. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations.

Since the noun is a regular plural one there is just the apostrophe.

11. This is a classifying/descriptive genitive.

12. This is a classifying genitive of measure/a classifying genitive

indicating time.

13. 14, 18. These are absolute genitives indicating personal

and social relations.

15. This is a group specifying genitive denoting personal relations.

Since ‘s comes at the end of the group of words and the

noun mother is singular it is clear that Ted and Linda are brother

and sister.

16. These are specifying genitives indicating authorship.

Since ‘s comes after both names and the noun “projects” is

plural it is clear that each of the siblings has their own project.

17. This is a classifying absolute genitive denoting a shop.

19. This is a double specifying genitive denoting subjective

relations.

Exercise 22, p. 377

I. 1. my neighbour’s dog, 2. a boy’s school, 3. Keats’s poems (Keats’ poems), 4. a fortnight’s holiday, 5. the girl’s dresses, 6. the girls’ clothes, 7. the boss’s car, 8. policemen’s uniforms, 9. children’s education, 10. the country’s problems, 11. secretaries’ working hours, 12. an actress’s life, 13. Mr. Davies’s office (Mr. Davies’ office), 14. France’s foreign police, 15. women’s liberation, 16. a year’s time,17. nature’s way, 18. the princess’s dress, 19. the sun’s rays, 20. the Church’s work.

II.

1. To one’s heart’s content - сколько душе угодно, в свое удовольствие, вволю, всласть, вдосталь; 2. То be at one’s wit’s/wits’ end - стать в тупик, не знать, что делать; 3. То have smth. at one’s fingers’ ends/at one’s fingertips - иметь что-л. под рукой, знать что-л. как свои пять пальцев; 4. Out of harm’s way – от греха подальше; в надежном месте; 5. То a hair’s breadth (to a hair, to a hairbreadth) точь-в-точь, точно, тютелька в тютельку; 6. For comfort’s (friendship’s) sake - ради удобства (дружбы); 7. At arm’s reach - под рукой; 8. At arm’s length - 1) на расстоянии вытянутой руки; 2) на почтительном расстоянии; 9. At a stone’s throw – рукой подать, в двух шагах, очень близко; 10. At sword’s point - под дулом пистолета (перен.); 11. on the razor’s edge – на острие ножа, на краю пропасти; to be on the razor’s edge/razor edge - ходить по острию ножа, по краю пропасти; 12. one’s money’s worth - справедливая цена. I’m at my wit’s end what to do with my son, how to make him study instead of what he is doing now - going to discos and the movies all the time. He is quite unlike his twin sister who has all the subjects at her fingers’ ends, especially English and French. How

on earth is he going to pass the winter exams? I keep telling him he is on the razor’s edge but he won’t listen to reason. Sometimes I think o flocking him up out of harm’s way and throwing the key away and paying the school teachers to give him lessons at home.

Exercise 23, p. 377

I.

1. To McDonald’s 2. To the greengrocer’s 3. To the doctor’s 4. To the ironmonger’s 5. To the hairdresser’s 6. To the (dry) cleaner’s 7. To the tobacconist’s 8. To the jeweller’s 9. To the stationer’s 10. To the confectioner’s 11. To the supermarket 12. To the dentist’s 13. To the chemist’s 14. To the butcher’s 15. To the florist’s 16. To the travel agent’s 17. To the watchmaker’s 18. To Harrods 19. To the vet’s 20. To the dressmaker’s (the tailor’s)

Exercise 24, p. 378

1. They say eighty per cent of the data (accumulated) in the

world’s computers is in English.

2. Don’t touch anything until the police arrive. - They have

already arrived. And who is it they are chasing?

3. I’m at my wit’s/wits’ end what this man wants from us. -

For God’s/goodness’/heaven’s sake don’t be so naive! All he

wants is our money but he won’t get it.

4. St. Thomas’ Hospital is one of the oldest in London. It is

within a stone’s throw, just five minutes’ walk/a five-minute

walk through St. James’s park.

5. This ring is not mine, it’s my grandmother’s. It was bought

at Tiffany’s and cost a fortune.

6. I’ve brought you a new series of Keats’/Keats’s poems. You

can read them to you heart’s content.

7. I hate that disgusting habit of your neighbours’ to turn the

television full tilt. - They bought a new Sony six months ago and

still can’t enjoy it enough.

8. Still waters run deep. - That describes him to a hair’s

breadth/to a hair. So you’d better stay away from him to keep

out of harm’s way.

9. Is that really a Dali in your grandfather’s house? - Actually

he has got two Dalis, and I remember seeing a Picasso and a

Chagall in his study.

10. Everybody is glad of/about Charles’/Charles’s success.

Let’s go and congratulate him for appearance’s sake.

11. There are reports about unusual phenomena on Mars’s

surface.

12. Of all fish I prefer trout and salmon although I’m not

much of a fish-lover.

13. The sun’s rays/sunbeams penetrated the thick foliage/

leaves and made Sir Robert Fox’s estate look even grander.

14. She forgave everybody at death’s door/on her death-bed

for the family’s sake.

15. Collins is a very reliable dictionary and I always keep it

at/within arm’s reach/at hand.

16. You are on a the razor’s/razor edge. Be careful for safety’s

sake.

17. He accepted/adopted another religion/faith at sword’s

point/at gunpoint.

Exercise 25, p. 379

1. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

attribute.

2. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of manner.

3. See 1.

4. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of time.

5. A perfect active Participle I serving as part of an adverbial

modifier of reason.

6. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as an attribute.

7. See 6.

8. See 1.

9. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

10. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of comparison.

11. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of concession.

12. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of manner.

13. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of manner.

14. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of a complex

object/of an objective participial construction.

15. See 14.

16. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of reason.

17. A non-perfect active Participle I serving as part of an

adverbial modifier of reason.

Exercise 26, p. 379

I.

1. a brother - a sister. 2. a father - a mother 3. a man - a woman 4. an uncle - an aunt 5. a nephew - a niece 6. a son - a daughter 7. a bachelor - a spinster 8. a king - a queen 9. a lord - a lady 10. a monk - a nun 11. a male - a female 12. a lad - a lass, a girl 13. husband – wife 14. a gentleman - a lady, a gentlewoman 15. Mr. - Mrs. Miss, Ms. 16. grandfather – grandmother 17. Sir - Madam; Lady

II.

a baron - a baroness, a count - a countess, a god - a goddess, a duke - a duchess, an emperor - an empress, an usher - an usherette (old-fashioned) - an usher, a monitor - a monitor, a manager - a manager, a steward - a stewardess, a waiter - a waitress, a widow - a widower, a poet - a poet- a poetess (old-fashioned), a prince - a princess, a tiger - a tigress, a lion - a lioness, a hero - a heroine, a tzar - a tsarina

III.

Male	Female	Young
1. bull	cow	calf
2. boar	sow	piglet
3. buck (Am. E.)	doe	fawn
4. stag (Br. E.)	hind	fawn
5. fox	vixen	cub
6. dog	bitch	pup
7. gander	goose	gosling
8. drake	duck	duckling
9. stallion	mare	foal
10. cock	hen	chick

Exercise 27, p. 380

I. 1. I can feel something crawling up my leg!

2. I saw her switch on the light and come/walk into the

room.

3. For a while she stood and watched the men pulling trees.

4. He smelt something burning, so he rang the fire brigade.

5. We could definitely hear someone moving about downstairs.

6. We listened to the school orchestra play the whole of the

Jupiter Symphony with hardly a mistake.

7. I felt someone tap me on the shoulder, but when I turned

round, there was no one there.

8. Look at that poor old lady trying to cross the road.

9. I watched the man get out of his car and pull/get out a gun.

II. 1. Where is Harry? - He has gone fishing but I doubt if he’ll

catch anything!

2. Did you go dancing last night? - No, I don’t like the discos

in this place.

3. What are you doing at the weekend? - We’re going sailing

if the boat is ready.

4. If it hadn’t been ready, we might have gone hiking/skiing

in the hills above Budapest.

5. You’re wet through! What have you been up to? - We have

been hiking (serfing).

6. Now that she has her own pony, she goes horse-riding

every day.

7. If my bicycle were in better condition, Fd go cycling in

France this holiday

8. The ice rink is closed so we won’t go skating tomorrow

night.

9. If there were more snow, we would go skiing.

Exercise 28, p. 381

1. Several lovely old English tables.

2. A lot of pretty young French girls.

3. These few last valuable Regency dining-room chairs.

4. His three first really important impressionist paintings.

5. All my best dark blue silk shirts.

6. Many young German factory workers.

7. All these old-fashioned oval marble-popped washstands.

8. All Mike’s latest black-and-white wildlife photographs.

9. A few carefully-chosen plain hand-woven dresses.

Exercise 29, p. 382

1. tinier – tiniest, 2. handsomer – handsomest, 3. livelier – liveliest, 4. dryer – driest, 5. pleasanter – pleasantest, 6. simpler – simplest, 7. mellow – mellowest, 8. better – best, 9. worse – worst, 10. farther/further - farthest/furthest, 11. sadder – saddest, 12. heavier – heaviest, 13. grayer – grayest, 14. later - latest (for time),

the latter - (the) last (for order), 15. quieter – quietest, 16 . politer – politest, 17. cleverer – cleverest, 18. bigger – biggest 19. fatter – fattest, 20. wider – widest, 21. foggier – foggiest, 22. abler – ablest, 23. more ill - most ill (used predicatively), sicker - sickest (used attributively), 24. commoner – commonest, 25. sooner – soonest, 26. thinner – thinnest, 27. calmer – calmest, 28. healthier – healthiest, 29. truer – truest, 30. wider – widest, 31. earlier – earliest, 32. narrower – narrowest, 33. freer – freest, 34. rarer – rarest, 35. flatter – flattest, 36. prettier – prettiest

Exercise 30, p. 382

1. That is the most incredible story I have ever heard!

2. It is not always the brightest students who do well in tests.

3. Terylene shirts are harder-wearing, but cotton shirts are

much more comfortable.

4. Which is deeper, Lake Garda or Lake Iseo?

5. She is much more self-confident than she used to be.

6. I like both of them, but I think Michael is easier to talk to.

7. Most people are better-off than their parents were.

8. She has a lot to be thankful for - the saddest thing of all is

that she does not realize it.

9. I want to rent a car - the most powerful one you have.

10. You look a lot better than you did last time I saw you.

11. There is nothing more irritating than locking yourself out

of your own house.

12. Both roads lead to the city center, but the left-hand one

is probably a bit shorter and more direct.

13. As I get older, I notice that the policemen seem to be getting

younger!

14. Is Cambridge the oldest university in Britain? - No,

Oxford is about 50 years older.

15. If you were tidier and better-organized than you are, you

would not keep losing things.

16. The boys in our school are much better-looking/more

good-looking and a lot better at football than the boys in other

schools in the town.

Exercise 31, p. 383

I.

1. true - truthful

a) This play is based on a true story.

b) I believe her: I think she is a truthful person.

2. childish - childlike

a) You cannot have everything you want: don’t be so childish.

b) She has a childlike quality, a sort of innocence, which I like.

3. young - youthful

a) Our teacher is full of youthful enthusiasm for her subject.

b) Enjoy yourself while you are still young.

4. uneatable - inedible

a) This meat is so tough that I find it uneatable.

b) Some of the inedible varieties of fungus are poisonous.

5. unreadable - illegible

a) The inscription was illegible, but I recognized it as Latin.

b) War and Peace may be a good novel, but I find it

unreadable.

6. historic - historical

a) “Ladies and gentlemen, this is a historic moment: the

first manned landing on another planet!”

b) The library contains a copy of Magna Carta and other

historical documents.

7. economic – economical

a) The country is experiencing a time of great economic

difficulty.

b) This soap is very economical, you only need to use a little

of it at a time.

8. electric - electrical

a) I see you have an electric cooker; I prefer gas.

b) The battery gave off a sudden electrical discharge.

9. sensible - sensitive

a) John will be all right on his own; he is a very sensible

boy.

b) Don’t criticize her too harshly: she is very sensitive.

II.

1. a) we have known for a long time

b) who has lived for a very long time

2. a) diligent, industrious, sparing no effort

b) difficult, requiring a lot of effort

3. a) having recently arrived

b) recently bought or made

4. a) smoking a lot

b) weighing a lot

5. a) sure, without any doubts

b) used to talk about someone you do not know but whose

name you have been told

6. a) existing now

b) being in the place in question

7. a) worried

b) involved in smth. or affected by it

8. a) right, suitable

b) strictly so called

9. a) complex, complicated

b) mixed up in the accident or connected with it

Exercise 32, p. 384

I.

1. a half-hour programme

2. a five-hour drive

3. a fifteen-ton lorry

4. a three-and-a-half-hour flight

5. a twelve-inch ruler

6. a three-and-a-half litre engine

7. a five-year-old child

8. a six-foot man

9. an eight-hour walk

10. a sixteen-gallon tank

11. a three-hundred-millimetre telephoto lens

12. a five-star hotel

II.

1. a second-year student

2. a third-floor flat

3. a second-generation computer

4. a last-minute decision

5. a first-class meal

6. a third-rate production

Exercise 33, p. 385

1. Attributes

2. Part of an attribute

3. Attributes

4. Attribute

5. Parts of attributes

6. Predicatives

7-10. Parts of objective participial constructions with

Participle II

11. An adverbial modifier of reason

12. The participle II expresses a second action accompanying

the action of the predicate verb.

13. Part of an adverbial modifier of comparison.

14. Part of an adverbial modifier of reason.

15. See 12.

16. Part of a prepositional absolute construction with

Participle II.

Exercise 34, p. 385

1. Not knowing the exact address, they got lost in the city.

2. Never sign anything without reading it carefully.

3. The door was wide open, and we entered without knocking.

4. The clerk was fired without being given any explanation.

5. The teenagers listened to the pop-singer without concealing

their admiration.

6. The snow has been falling for many days, without seeming

to stop.

7. Susan accepted Tom’s proposal without thinking of the

consequences.

8. Not knowing a word of Dutch, she was taken to the police

station.

9. He left the restaurant without waiting for his wife to join

him.

10. The brother and the sister couldn’t stand each other’s

company without immediately losing their temper.

11. Not having recognized me, Linda passed by without

answering my “Hello”.

12. The travellers went on and on, without paying attention

to the bitter cold

13. Not knowing the reason for their silence, Robert went on

talking non-stop.

14. Tom has never done a thing, without consulting his

father.

15. Not wanting to quarrel with his mother, he dropped the

subject.

Exercise 35, p. 386

I. All the past participles are parts of objective participial constructions

with participle II.

1. Майкл проколол себе ухо. Он сделал это, чтобы досадить

родителям.

2. В пятницу моя машина будет проходить осмотр и текущий

ремонт.

3. На ремонт вашего телефона может уйти несколько

дней или даже недель.

4. Три недели назад мы подали заявку на установку телефона

в офисе. Все еще ждем.

5. Проверьте, пожалуйста, покрышки. И заправьте бак.

6. Каким образом ты умудрился так дешево отремонтировать

машину?

7. Полицейский сделал в его правах отметку об опасном

вождении.

8. Смотри не прищеми пальцы дверью.

II. 1. Where do you have your dresses made? - I make them

myself.

2. How often do you have your hair cut? - It depends on the

season.

3. Why did you let yourself get involved/mixed up/entangled

in this dangerous undertaking/scheme/venture?

4. The suit is magnificent/gorgeous, but I’d like to have the

skirt shortened.

5. We haven’t had our house redecorated/renovated for five

years.

6. I’d like the contract (to be) signed today.

7. You lack knowledge and experience and that makes itself

felt.

8. They want to have their child baptized.

9. I won’t have anything changed in my room.

10. In the hotel you can have your clothes cleaned, tickets

booked and letters sent.

11. She had her purse stolen while she was buying fruit.

12. Anne needs a passport photograph taken.

13. My children have their teeth examined every six months.

14. Have your hair cut at last! You (are) look(ing) a mess!

15. When I was in Rome I had my umbrella stolen.

16. We are doing our best to have our central heating equipment

repaired before the weather gets cold.

17. I like to have my flat/room papered anew every five years.

18. You should really have this cut examined: I think it looks

infected.

Exercise 36, p. 387

1, 2. We cannot use very with comparatives. Instead we use

(very) much,far, a lot and lots (the latter, two are informal).

3. Dead meaning completely can be used with the positive

degree of adjectives. Dead is more emotional than completely.

4. No here means not any. One might just as well say. You are

not any better than all those people.

5. In formal speech and writing most used without the definite

article before an adjective has the same meaning as very.

6. Pretty before an adjective in the positive degree is a colloquial

synonym offairly.

7, 15. Comparatives with the ... the are used to say that two

things change together one depending on the other. A short

form of this structure (7) is used in sentences ending with the

better (7) and in the expression. The more the merrier (В тесноте,

да не в обиде).

8. See 3.

9,10,11,13. See 5.

12 . As ... as with positive degrees of adjectives is used to say

that two people or things are equal in some way.

14. Imaginable is used after a superlative to emphasize that

something is the best, worst, smartest etc. that can be imagined.

It comes after the adjective in the superlative degree and the

noun it modifies.

Exercise 37, pp. 387-388