Volta's short biography

Volta was born in Como, Italy, February 18, 1745. For some years he was a teacher of physics in his home town. Lat­er on he became professor of natural sciences at the Universi­ty of Pavia. After his famous discovery he travelled in many countries, among them France, Germany and England. He was invited to Paris to lecture on the newly discovered chem­ical source of continuous current. In 1819 he returned to Como where he spent the rest of his life. Volta died at the age . of 82.

Active Words and Expressions

as well as, at rest, to control, behaviour, condition, cop­per, flow, in motion, negative, opposite, positive, previous­ly, to remember, the rest of, to travel, to try, unlike, charge

_Exercises

_{THE INFINITIVE}

—	Active	Passive
* Indefinite	to write	to be written
Perfect * 9	to have written	to have been written
Continuous	to be writing
Perfect Continuous	to have been writing	—

/. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive:

« ■

(a) 1. We shall translate this article. 2. Do you know this ryan? 3. They can translate this text without a diction­ary. 4. To translate this article is not an easy thing to do. 5. We want to translate this article. 6. I remember to have seeti this man last year. 7. To study much is to learn much.

8. To master a language one must work much. 9. The profes­sor to deliver a lecture at our institute is an outstanding scien­tist. 10. The experiment to be carried on is described .in this article. 11. Can this work have been done in such a short time? i2 He must be reading a newspaper in the reading-room. 13. He was glad to have been travelling in Europe.

(b) 1. This is the device to be used in our experiment.

2. The thermometer is a device to measure the temperature.

3. Where are the articles to be translated by the students?

4. The letter to be answered was given to me. 5. The genera­tor is a device to change mechanical energy into electric energy. 6 The Soviet Union was the first to use atomic ener- \ gy for peaceful purposes. 7. Petrov was the first scientist to study the electrification of metals by rubbing them. 8. I was the last to answer the teacher's questions.

//. Answer the following questions:

1. What types of electricity do you know? 2. What is the difference between electricity at rest and electricity in mo­tion? 3. What kind of experiments did Galvani carry on? 4. What did Franklin prove? 5. What are the two kinds of electrical charges? 6. Who was the first to produce a steady, continuous current? 7. What was Volta? 8. What can you say about the behaviour of static charges? 9. What did Volta take interest in? 10. What did Volta's discovery result in? 11. What did Volta's device consist of? 12. Where did he spend the rest of his life?

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. The students carried out an experiment looking at the thermometer from time to time. 2. The cinema was in­vented before my time. 3. It is high time to begin work. 4. Four times three is twelve. 5. "Am I late?" "No, you are just in time". 6. "What is the time?" "It's dinner time". 7. The students went to the club and had a good time there.

8. It took a long time before people learned to split the atom.

9. I shall be back in no time. 10. For a long time people did not know that lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. 11. Lomonosov lectured at the university and at the same time worked in different fields of science. 12. I work in the laboratory two times a week.

_{IV. Fill in the blanks with the words one or for:}

1. Moscow is ... of the largest cities in the world. 2. ... must remember that it is necessary to study English at least an hour a day. 3. As ... rubber it was brought to Eu­rope as early as the 15th century. 4. ... understands the im­portance of electricity when ... sees trams, trolley-buses and trains driven by it. 5. The energy of the atom is used ... peace­ful purposes in our country. 6. ... must know the chemical properties of the atom. 7. We produce rubber ... it is quite necessary ... the development of our industry. 8. In 1819 Volta returned to Corno ... he wanted to spend the rest of his life there. 9. This is a more important problem than that ... . 10. I haven't got a dictionary, I must have ... •

V. Form sentences according to the model using the verbs given below:

Model: We can't help (+gerund)

We can't help speaking about the achievements of Soviet physicists.

to answer, to repeat, to mention, to observe, to change, to think, to remember

VI. Give antonyms for the following words:

north pole, dark, on the one hand, small, arrangement, larger, magnetized, unfamiliar, like, positive, similar, to rest, in motion

VII. Explain the meaning of the following compound words:

newspaper, schoolboy, thunderstorm, icebreaker, water­fall, fisherman

VIII. Retell Volta's biography.

LESSON ELEVEN

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SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION