_CONTENTS

_{by-chgu.ru *«■}

Lesson One. Electric Current Serves Us in a Thousand Ways. 7 The Participle.

Lesson Two. Energy 10

The Absolute Participle Construction. Lesson Three. Atomic Energy . . * 14

The Participle.

Lesson Four. Lightning 19

The Gerund.

Lesson Five. Atmospheric Electricity 22

The Gerund.

Lesson Six. Magnetism 26

The Gerund. The Participle.

. Lesson Seven Early History 30

Idioms.

Lesson Eight. History of the T er mometers 33

The Participle. The Gerund Idioms.

\ Lesson Nine. Lomonosov 38

Word-Building.

Lesson Ten. From the History of Electricity 4i

_{The Infinitive.}

b Lesson Eleven. Electric Current 45

Subjective Infinitive Construction. Objective Infinitive Con­struction.

Lesson Twelve. What Is Heat? 50

The Infinitive.

_{Lesson Thirteen. Electric Circuit 54}

_{The Infinitive.}

_{Lesson Fourteen. Conductors and Insulators 58}

_{The Attribute. Attributive Clauses.}

_{Lesson Fifteen. Electromotive Force and Resistance 62}

The Modality.

_{Lesson Sixteen. Heating Effect of an Electric Current 66}

^{The Modality.}

_{Lesson Seventeen. Magnetic Effect of an Electric Current ... 70}

The Complex Sentence. Lesson Eighteen. Generators 75

The Complex Sentence. Lesson Nineteen. Power Transmission 79

Passive and Impersonal Constructions. Lesson Twenty. Transformers 82

Passive and Impersonal Constructions.

Lesson Twenty-One. Electric Motor _л 87

Lesson Twenty-Two. States of Matter 92

Lesson Twenty-Three. Tides and Tidal Electric Stations. ... 95

Lesson Twenty-Four. Can Sun Power Be Used? 99

Additional Grammar Exercises 104

Supplementary Reading 110

1. Energy 110

2. Electric Fish 110

3. ^{Applications of the Electromagnet Ill}

4. Surface Tension 112

5. Electric Meter 112

6. Galvanometer ИЗ

7. Refrigerator 114

8. Boiling 115

9. Structure of the Atom 116

10. Electron Theory 117

11. Thermocouple and Photocell 118

12. Electric Lamp 219

13. Faraday's Discovery 120

14. Man and His Machines 121

15. Steam Turbine 122

16. Units of Measurement : . . . 123

17. Plasma Generator 124

18. Laser 125

19. Semiconductors 127

20. Steam Power Station - . . 128

21. Hydroelectric Power Station ... . . 129

22. Current Flow . . 130

23. Gases, Solids, Liquids and Plasma . . 133 Idioms, Conjunctional and Prepositional Phrases 136

Vocabulary 138

_{LESSON ONE}

_{THE PARTICIPLE}

Electric current serves lis in a thousand ways

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' The electric current was born in the year 1§00 when Afpjfca Donstfucfed the first source of continuous current. Since that

Mme numerous scientists and inventors, Russian and foreign, lave greatiy contributed to its development and practical Application. ⁴

1 As-a result, we cannot imagine modern civilization with­out the electric current. We can't imagine how people could 4o without the electric lamp, without vacuum cleaners, lifrigerators, washing machines and other electrically oper­ated devices that are widely used today. In fact, telephones, lifts, electric trams and trains, ra$io and television have e'en made possible only dwmg to the electric current.. The §tudent reading this article is certainlyiattiiliaf with liie important part which the electric current plays in every-py life / From the moment when he gets up in the morning rttil he goes to bed at night, he widely uses electric energy, ly going tq the institute^ither on foot or by bicycle, can №e do without electricity. Лп fact, it is well known that jelect-Hc current is necessary for the operation of trolley-buses, trails,, buses and modern trains

* During the day he (that is, the reading student^ 4vill also ЩЩ some electrical devices, working in the laboratory, mak­ing use of the telephone, the lift, the tram and so oh. As for the evening, if he studies or reads by an electric lamp, watches

television, goes to the theatre or cinema, he certainly uses electricity.

Some people are more familiar with the various applica­tions of the electric current in their everyday life'than* they are with its _t numerous industrial applications. However, electric energy finds its most important use in industry. Take, for example, the electric motor transforming electric energy _yintp mechanical energy. It finds wide application at every mill and factory. As for the electric crane, it can easily lift objects weighing hundreds of tons.

.A good example which ^illustrating an important indust­rial use of the electric current is the electrically heated fur-пйсе. Great masses of metal melted in such furnaces flow like water.; Speaking of the melted metals, we might mention one more deyice using electricity—that is the electric py­rometer. ТЫ temperature of hot flowing metals can be easily measured owtog to the electric pyrometer.

These arsonly some of the various industrial applica­tions of the electric current sertiitig us in a thousand ways.

Active worcis ana expressions

application,- as for, current,, device., to do without, electric (al), electricity, furnace, inventor, laboratory, to make use of, to measure, to play a part, scientist, to serve* tempera­ture, to transform, to watch television

Exercises

m ggm, ■ The Participle
Participle I (one)	Participle II (two)	Perfect Participle
Active: writing Passive: being written	written •	having written having been written •

/. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:

a) 1. The student is translating an article on refrigera­tors. 2. The student has translated an article. 3. The article is translated by the student. 4. The article is being translat­ed by the student. 5. The student translating the article is

comrade Novikov. 6. The article translated by the student is difficult. 7. The translated article is devoted to electrical furnaces. 8. Translating an article, the student used a dic­tionary. .9. Having translated the article, the student gave it to the teacher. 10. Having been asked to translate the article, the student translated it with great interest.

b) 1. Speaking of the electrically operated devices, one can mention the refrigerator. 2. Having mentioned the name of Volta, the teacher spoke about his invention. 3. The first source of continuous current constructed by Volta appeared in 1800. 4. Hot flowing metals are often measured by the electric pyrometer. 5. The pyrometer used in industry is a device measuring temperature/ 6. the pyrometer showing the temperature of metals melted in furnaces is also an elec­trical device. 7. Making this instrument, we could not do without a machine operated by electricity. 8. Going along the streets, one can see running trams, trolley-buses, buses and cars. 9. Being widely used in industry, electrical motors are also used in every home.

//. Translate the following sentences:

1. Электрический • мотор, преобразующий электриче­скую энергию в мехдцйЧескую, используется в повседнев­ной жизни. 2. Говоря...об электрическом токе, мы можем упомянуть ямя.ВоЛьты. 3. Электрический пирометр изме­ряет температуру хшвшшешвых металлов. 4. Поработав | на фабрике, мой ъМЩш&Ш&тутл в институт. 5. Электри-, ческие приборы, у$&№ЩУШъ в этой статье, были созданг русскими учеными. 6 ршеряя температуру горячих ме­таллов, студент пользямйея пирометром. 7. Измерив тем-j пературу металла, мы йгачали измерять температуру воды.

I ///. Give .short answeru to the following questions:

\ 1. Does the motor find wide application in industry?

^{j 2. Is Volta a Russian scientist? 3. Does your friend go to the}

i institute on foot? 4. Did yoli go to the theatre yesterday?

j 5. Is there an electric lamp ori^your table? 6. Has your friend bought a new bicycle? 7. Afcf* there many trolley-buses and trams in Moscow? 8 Do you mt£h television every day? 9. Do you use electrical devices? 10. Can you do without electricity? 11. Does the electric current play ' an important part in our life? 12. Does the electric motor transform electrical energy

, into mechanical energy? IS. Is the electric current necessary

_{I 9}

for the operation of trolley-buses and trams? 14. Is your house heated by an electric furnace?

IV. Form four sentences using the words given below:

Model: lift, the, heavy, can, electric, objects, crane.

The electric crane can lift heavy objects.

1. finds, industry, energy, in, application, electric, wide, a

2. does, study, he, at, not, the, institute

3. day, use, every, do, devices, you, electrical,?

4. the, theatre, go, to, we, yesterday, not, did

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V. Put all possible questions to the following sentence: The electric motor finds wide application in industry,

VI. Form sentences using the following expressions:

to play a part in; to go on foot; to do without; to make use of; to be familiar with; to get up; to go to bed; to watch television; owing to.

VII. Speak on:

1. The use of the electric current in industry.

2. The use of the electric current in everyday life.

VIII. What do you call a device which:

1. measures the temperature of hot melted metals.

2. transforms electric energy into mechanical energy.

3. lifts objects weighing hundreds of tons. P 4. lights your room.

IX. Put six special questions to the text.

X. Retell the text

LESSON TWO

THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION

ENERGY

In the language of science energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as: heat, mechani­cal, electrical, chemical, atoijiic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy — potential and kinetic, potential energy being the energy of position while kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It is well known that one form of energy can be changed into another.

A waterfall may serve as an example. Water falling from its raised position, energy changes from potential to Ktnet-Jc energy. The energy of falling water is generally used to turn the. turbines of hydroelectric stations. The turbines irf their turft drive tjje electric generators, the latter produc­ing electric energy. Thus, the mechanical energy of falling water is turned into electric energy. The electric energy, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.

When an object loses Its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when wafer is falling from its raised-position, it certainty loses its potential energy, that energy changing into kinetic energy (Fig. 1).

^{Fig. 1. Examples of kinetic energy.}

We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. Generally speak- iftg, the sources of energy usually employed to produce current I are eimer chemical, as in the battery, or mechanical, as in I the electromagnetic generator. Chemical sources of current ¹ having a limited appUcaiinn the great quantities of electric i energy generated today come from various forms of mechan- ical energy, . .

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Rising standards of modern civilization and growing indus­trial application of the electric current result in an increas­ing need of energy. Every year we need more and more energy. We need it to do a lot of useful things that are done by electricity. However, the energy sources of. the world are decreasing at the same time as the energy needs of the world are increasing. These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry arid more electric current is employed in everyday life. As a result, it is necessary to find new sources of energy.

The sun is an unlimited source of energy. However, at present, only a little part of solar energy is being us^ri di­rectly. How can we employ solar energy directly to produce useful energy? This is a question which has interested scien­tists and inventors for a long time.^Lavoisier and other great scientists of the past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today, solar furnaces illustrate just one of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors, scientists, for example, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.