Active Words and Expressions

amount, as a result, to experience, heat, in addition to, to last, law, light, matter, momentum,,natural, nevertheless, numerous, on the basis of, theory

Exercises

/. Form questions' for the following answers:

1. In the village of Denisovka. 2. On November 19, 1711. 2. At the age of 19. 4. Yes, I do. 5. No, he did not. 6. At the age of 35. 7. On the basis of molecular and atomic theory. 8. For Russian science and the enlightenment of Russian peo­ple.

//. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text. Ask your comrades to answer them.

^{///. Translate into Russian:}

...

last but not least; least of all; not in the least; he has not the least idea about it; this is the least he can do; read one page at least

IV. Form as many words as possible with the suffixes giv- en below:

-or, -er, -ist, -ship, -tion, -ment

V. (a) Give suitable adjectives to the following nouns: Model: chemical laboratory

sciences, scientist, current, time, way, winter, want, language, application, activity, theory, cloud, furnace, flash, installation, inventor

(b) Form sentences containing the above nouns qualified by adjectives:

Model: Lornonosov organized the first chemical labora­tory in our country.

VI. Form nouns from the jоI lowing verbs:

to enlighten, to know, to educate, to transform, to master, to apply, to achieve, to observe, to generate, to protect, to require, to develop, to experience

VII. Form 10 sentences using the following words:

last—to last; very—the very; heat—to heat; only—the only; want—to want

VIII. Form new words from the words given below using the prefixes re-, in-, im-, un-, dis-, extra-, super-:

natural, usual, possible, to satisfy, ordinary, valuable, to discover, to charge

IX. Translate the folbwing sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. I like to read but I have very little time for reading.

2. My friend speaks of nothing else but his examinations.

3. As for the power spent in producing lightning flashes it is but 1/10,000 of the power got by mankind from the sun.

4. The Fahrenheit scale is used in England, but it is not used in the Soviet Union. 5. We know that a thermometer is used for measuring temperature differences. 6. I was sent

for the doctor. 6. These students studied English for 2 years. Щ Russian scientists and inventors work for this country. 9*" Our professor left for Leningrad for he is going to work there for 3 weeks. 10. It is necessary for me to be at home at 6 o'clock. 11. The scientist was observing a new phenomen­on for a long time. 12. We need much electricity for it is used both in our homes and in industry.

X. Give headings to each paragraph of the text.

XI. Retell the text.

XII. (a) Fill in the blanks with prepositions, if necessa- ry; (b) retell the following text:

JACK LONDON

a

The great American writer Jack London was born ... the town ~. San Francisco 1876. The young boy longed ... knowledge, but Jack's father could not send him ... school, as the family was very poor. London began working when he was quite young. He sold different newspapers... the streets. ... the age ... fourteen he began to work ... a factory. Then he worked as a fisherman. He had to work many hours ... a day. Nevertheless he experienced great want and countless hardships ... that time. In spite ... his hard work he was very fond ... reading and read very much. He studied ... school and later on ... the university. He took great interest both .„ history and ... philosophy. ... 1896 London started ... Alaska ^ the yellow metal. He did not live ... the North ... a long time. Soon he came back ... San Francisco and became famous as a writer. He greatly contributed ... the development ... progressive American literature.... present his name is known

_{all over the world.}

^{LESSON TEH}

THE INFINITIVE

FROM THE HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

There are two types of electricity, namely, electricity at rest or in a static condition and electricity in motion, that is, the electric current. Both of them are made up of electric charges, static charges being at rest, while electric current flows and does work. Thug, Йтеу differ in their ability to serve mankind as well as in their behaviour.

■

Let us first turn our attention to static electricity. For a long time it was the only electrical phenomenon to be observed by man. As previously mentioned at least 2,500 years ago, or so, the Greeks knew how to get electricity by rubbing substances. However, the electricity to be obtained by rubbing objects cannot be used to light lamps, to boil . water, to run electric trains, and so on. It is usually very high in voltage and difficult to control; besides it discharges in no time.

As early as 1753, Franklin made an important contribu­tion to the science of electricity. He was the first to prove that unlike charges are produced due to rubbing dissimilar objects To show that the charges are unlike and opposite, he decided to call the charge on the rubber—negative afid that on the glass—positive.

In this connection one might remember the Russian aca­demician Petrov. He was the first to carry on experiments and observations on the electrification of metals by rubbing them one against another. As a result he was the first scien­tist in the world who solved that problem.

Who does not know that the first man to get the electric current was Volta after whom the unit of electric pressure, the volt, was named? His discoyery developed out of Galva-ni's experiments with the frog. Galvani observed that the legs of a dead frog jumped as a result of an electric charge. He tried his experiment several times and every time he ob­tained the same result. He thought that electricity was gen­erated within the leg itself.

Volta began to carry on similar experiments and soon found that the electric source was not within the frog's l^g but was the result ₀f contact .of both dissimilar metals used during his observations. However, to carry on such ex- periments was not an easy thing to do. He spent the next few years trying to invent a source of a steady, continuous cur- rent. To increase the effect obtained with one pair of metals, Volta increased the number of these pairs. Thus the voltaic pile consisted of a copper layer and a layer of zinc placed one above another with a layer of flannel moistened in salt water between them. A wire was connected to the fiist disc of cop- per and to the last disc of zinc ¹

The year 1800 is a date to be remembered: for the first time in the world's history a steady, continuous current was generated.

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