Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

FLOOR REQUIREMENTS

The floor must be designed considering all the functions it will be required to perform. The following factors are important in determining the span to be adopted for the floor slab:

•The span of the slab should fit in with the dimensions of the planning grid for the building.

•The thickness of the concrete slab depends not only on structural factors, but also on such requirements as sound insulation and fire protection.

•The spacing of the floor beams is determined by the maximum permissible width necessary for transportation of the precast concrete units, the main joints of which are parallel to these floor beams.

Lightweight concrete used either as a filler material or as a structural material, reduces the weight of the floor. However, it may involve some loss

of sound insulation and fire protection. Furthermore, with long spans and heavy loads, the weight advantage of lightweight concrete may be reduced because deeper sections are necessary.

The degree of evenness of the surface of the structural floor depends on the method of construction. The dimensional tolerances inherent in the construction of an in-situ concrete floor require the application of a screed as a preliminary finishing layer over the slab. Smaller tolerances are obtained when in-situ concrete is placed on permanent formwork, such as precast concrete units or steel troughs. A floor composed of precast concrete units generally requires only a very thin screed. If these units are precast in standardised steel moulds, a surface of such evenness can be obtained that the floor covering may be laid directly upon the structural floor.

Normally, a steel floor cannot be considered as watertight. To make it watertight an in-situ concrete floor should be laid in one continuous operation, without construction joints, and the concrete itself should be of good quality and well compacted.

Notes:

evenness n. ровность (поверхности) preliminary adj. предварительный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the factors important in determining the span for the floor slab?

2.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the use of lightweight concrete for floor slabs?

3.What does the degree of evenness of the structural floor depend on?

4.Why is the application of a screed required?

5.How are smaller tolerances obtained?

6.What should be done to achieve very high evenness of the structural floor?

7.How can watertightness of the structural floor be obtained?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другимичастями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

screed (n. ), tolerance (n. ), watertight (adj. ), covering (n. ), dimensional tolerance, permissible (adj. ), inherent (adj. ), compact (v. ), trough (n. ), construction joint, structural floor, mould (n. ), finishing (n. ), spacing (n. ), requirement (n. ).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

соответствовать, операция, сокращать, легкийбетон, нагрузка, болеетого, огнезащита, как, балка перекрытия, уплотнять, водонепроницаемый, ширина, постоянная опалубка, получать, главный, сборныйбетон.

Упражнение3. Найдитевтекстетермины, связанныеспроектированием и возведением перекрытий. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

(Продолжение. Начало в упражнении 5 урока 2.7, стр. 156 )

1.In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or

(1)… are joined together to form (2)… walls. These materials are heavy, however they have high (3)… strength. Walls made up of blocks support the building and divide the space in the (4)… .

2.In another type of construction, sheet materials (листовой материал) are used to (5)… walls which act as both space-dividers and structural support. Timber, concrete and some (6)… can be made into large rigid sheets and

(7)… to form a building.

3.Rod materials (8)… used for structural support but not for dividing spaces. Timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods and used (9)… columns. Rod materials with high tensile and compressive (10)… can be fixed together to form framed structures.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на герундий в функции подлежащего.

1.Spacing of the floor beams is determined by the maximum permissible transportable width of the precast concrete units.

2.Welding or bolting of steel components produces high strength connections.

3.Altering the internal layout involves dismantling and re-erecting the partitions.

4.Applying long term loads may cause sagging of timber beams due to creep.

5.Stiffening with the help of lattice bracing or solid diaphragm walls results in fixed points in the building.

6.The spacing of the supports determines the spans of the floor structure and therefore its construction depth.

7.Mixing aggregates, cement and water followed by curing produces the hardened concrete.

8.Although bulk costs of metal are higher than those of most other materials building of steel is still reasonable.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие глаголы.

Образуйте от них глаголы с помощью приставки re- , означающей повторное действие. Переведите полученныепроизводные слова.

Упражнение3. Переведитеследующиепредложения. Определите, от каких слов и с помощью каких суффиксовобразованы подчеркнутые существительные.

1.The thickness of the concrete slab depends on such requirements as sound insulation and fire protection.

2.The dimensional tolerances inherent in the construction of an in-situ concrete floor require the application of a screed as a preliminary finishing layer over the slab.

3.The most popular thermosetting plastic in use in the construction industry, due to its cost, strength, relative hardness and toughness, is fibreglass reinforced polyester.

4.It can be easily adapted to changing requirements.

5.Folding screens can be moved by the users of the building themselves.

6.Steel loses strength and stiffness at high temperatures.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите функции неличных форм глагола.

1.Admixtures are available to retard the setting of the wet concrete and this can be used in hot weather to prevent a premature set.

2.The material may fail by breaking or by excessive deformation.

3.A structural member made this way is called a glu-lam member.

4.A building used by people must be kept warmer than the surrounding air in cold climates and cooler than the surrounding air in hot climates.

5.Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance.

6.Longitudinal reinforcing has been selected on the basis of providing minimal shrinkage.

7.To reduce weight the slab may be formed with internal cavities or composed of ribs joined together by a thin top layer of concrete, the latter being described as a waffle slab.

8.All buildings have to be stiffened to resist wind loading.

9.The load transmission conditions being approximately the same in both

164

directions, a planning grid is adopted this being typical of in-situ-concrete construction.

10. The joints may be sealed by binding the precast concrete floor units together with a special adhesive mortar.

Упражнение 5. Задайте три вопроса к подлежащему, три – к определению подлежащего и три разделительных вопроса к тексту А.

Текст B

FLOOR REQUIREMENTS (continued)

Sound insulation In modern high-rise buildings, where many people have to live or work most of their time acoustic insulation is a very important factor. The floor must provide the necessary insulation against airborne noise and footstep sound. Speaking about this acoustic function, the floor comprises one or more layers:

The single-layer floor comprises only the structural floor.

The two-layer floor comprises the structural floor and a surfacing separated from it by a resilient insulating material classified as floating floor. A two-layer floor may consist of the structural floor with a suspended ceiling fitted below.

The three layer floor is a combination of the two latter forms of construction that is a floating floor with a suspended ceiling.

Fire protection The fire resistance of a floor required can be achieved in various ways:

•for the floor slab itself: choice of a fire-resistant form of construction or a protective coating or finish;

•for the steel beams: sprayed protection or cladding;

•as an alternative, the floor structure as a whole may be encased. Heat insulation If a floor separates a heated storey from one that is not

heated, it should comprise a heat-insulating layer, which is not needed if the storeys above and below the floor are both heated. Terraces should be heatinsulated on the same principles as for flat roofs.

Notes:

airborne noise воздушный шум floating floor плавающий пол footstep sound звук шагов

165

heat v. нагревать as a whole в целом

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What must acoustic insulation be provided against?

2.What is the structural difference between a single-layer and a two-layer floor?

3.What does the term “three layer floor” mean?

4.How can the fire resistance of a floor be achieved?

5.When should a floor comprise a heat-insulating layer?

Грамматическое упражнение

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте неличные формы глагола, определите, какимичастями речи они являются, какую функциювыполняют в предложении, и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

protection (n.), encase (v.), resilient (adj.), protective (adj.), heat-insulating (adj.), suspended ceiling, terrace (n.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

require – requirement permit – permissible practice – practical

Текст C

FLEXIBILITY OF LAYOUT

The more extensive use of steel in multi-storey buildings results from the need for convertibility of buildings. It often occurs that the internal layout and facilities originally provided in a building soon prove to be not adequate or at least not completely adequate. A building can obtain a longer useful life if it is flexible in the sense that it can be easily adapted to changing requirements.

Depending on the extent of the conversions involved, the following degrees of flexibility may be distinguished:

First degree of flexibility

The modification of the floor space is altered by changing the arrangement of space-separating elements, for example, folding screens which can be moved by the owners of the building themselves.

Second degree of flexibility

In this case, altering the internal layout involves dismantling and reerecting the partitions. This is possible only if the latter are non-loadbearing. This requirement can only be fulfilled by framed buildings in which the loadbearing and space-enclosing functions are separate and are performed by different sets of components. The columns of a framed building may, however, be a problem to internal changes. Wide column spacings and long floor spans improve the flexibility of layout. Flexibility in altering and rearranging the services is also essential. In a building provided with movable partitions, these must be installed in the floors. Hence it is desirable to provide a floor in which the services can be installed according to the design and when the need occurs modified, as required.

It is necessary to distinguish between the following different types of partition:

movable prefabricated units;

demountable walls whose materials can be re-used; demountable walls whose materials cannot be re-used.

Third degree of flexibility

Modification of the load-bearing structure becomes necessary, for example, in the following circumstances:

strengthening the structure to carry heavier loads; increasing the spans by the removal of internal supports; increasing the height with additional storeys;

extending a building;

demolishing certain parts of a building.

These modifications can be fulfilled easily, without excessive damage to the existing building if it is steel-framed and not be expensive.

Fourth degree of flexibility

This comprises structures which, except for the foundations, can be completely dismantled and whose components can be re-used for other purposes and in combination with other structures. For this, the space-enclosing elements, as well as the actual structural frame, must be composed of demountable standardised components. Only a number of parts of such a building are dismantled, for example, the roof covering, floor finishes, services, etc. The foundations or basements are either back-filled or used for other structures. Constructional systems which comply with these requirements are available for external and internal walls and for ceilings.

Fifth degree of flexibility

The last way of adaptation of an existing building to meet changing circumstances is by demolition to give place for a new building when structural modification is not economically possible.

When considering the type of structural system to adopt for a projected new building, ease of demolition should be included in the cost analysis. Steelframed buildings can be demolished quickly, at moderate cost.

Notes:

backfill v. обратно засыпать comply with соответствовать

convertibility n. конверсионность, возможность изменения demolition n. снос (здания)

folding screen раздвижная стенка last adj. последний

life n. зд. срок службы originally adv. первоначально

rearrange v. перегруппировать, расположить по-новому soon adv. скоро

168

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What does the more extensive use of steel in multi-storey buildings result from?

2.How can a longer useful life of a building be obtained?

3.How many degrees of flexibility are there?

4.What do they depend on?

5.How can the modification of the floor space be altered with the first degree of flexibility?

6.What is its difference from the second degree of flexibility?

7.Why must partitions be non-loadbearing in case of the second degree of flexibility?

8.What does the third degree of flexibility involve?

9.Which elements of a structure can be re-used for other purposes and in combination with other structures with the fourth degree of flexibility?

10.What does the fifth degree of flexibility mean?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которыеиспользованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

STAIRCASES

Stairs are used for vertical circulation in buildings. A distinction must be made between fixed stairs and escalators. Ramps and, as well as lifts, may perform similar functions.

Depending on the space available, or the architectural requirements, stairs may be straight, curved or spiral on plan. The most frequent type, especially in buildings designed for construction by mass production techniques, is the staircase with straight flights.

In the design of stairs the following problems should be paid particular attention to: the geometry of the staircase; the construction of its components; the vertical enclosure of the staircase in relation to the storeys and to the rest of the building generally.

The fixed straight staircase comprises flights and landings. A series of more than three steps is a flight. For reasons of safety the length of a flight should be limited to about 18 steps. It is rarely that two floors in a multi-storey building are connected by a single flight of stairs. If two or more flights are installed in each storey, one or more intermediate landings, as well as top and bottom landings, will be needed. If the successive flights are at right angles to one another the landing at each change of direction is known as a quarterspace landing. With two flights per storey, this is the most common form of construction and takes up the least space on plan.

Construction of the steps

The convenience and safety of stairs very much depend on the relationship between the tread and the riser. Standardised tread and riser dimensions make planning easier and enable the related features such as hand-rails to be produced to uniform dimensions. The depth of the landing and the length of the flight should be a dimension which can be divided by 60 or, if this is not possible, by 30 or, in an extreme case, by 10.

Notes:

convenience удобство

geometry n. геометрическая форма hand-rail n. перила

landing n. лестничная площадка

quarter-space landing промежуточная лестничная площадка riser n. подступёнок

tread n. проступь, ступень

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are stairs used for?

2.What other facilities can be used for this purpose?

3.What types of staircases are there?

4.What are the problems in the stairs design to be paid particular attention to?

5.What are the characteristic features of the straight staircases?

6.How are stairs constructed?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

stair (n.), staircase (n. ), planning (n.), intermediate (adj.), spiral (adj.), relation (n.), flight (n.), vertical circulation, ramp (n.), enclosure (n.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

частый, оборудование, безопасность, серия, внимание, многоэтажное здание, чрезвычайный, последующий, прямой угол, монтировать, такой как, остальные, изогнутый, эскалатор, выполнять, защита, быть результатом.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией лестниц. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на независимый оборот без причастия.

1.With loads considerable, deep foundation was used for the structure.

2.Climate cold, extensive thermal insulation should be paid attention to.

3.Foundations vital (жизненно важный) for the structure stability and difficult to build, only specialists must construct them.

4.Wood, with moisture content high, loses its strength.

5.The construction of the foundation over, the superstructure building was begun.

6.Structural modification not economically possible, the building will be demolished (сносить).

Упражнение 2. Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение: выделитев нёмподлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения.

Упражнение 3. Задайтетри вопроса к подлежащемуили его определению, триальтернативныхитриразделительныхвопросактекстуА.

Текст B

SUSPENDED CEILING

The term “ceiling” in modern building comprises all constructional features situated underneath the structural floor, that is, in structural steelwork it means those components of the floor structure which are installed below the slab and beams. In steel-framed buildings, the ceilings are usually of the suspended type.

In general, a suspended ceiling comprises the actual ceiling, a system of beams to support it, and the hangers, these being suspended from the structural floor. Many different materials and methods of construction are used for suspended ceilings, traditional ones being used as well as new standardised systems. New types are being developed, often for special purposes. Of particular importance are suspended ceiling systems which provide fire protection of the steel beams from below and also perform one or more of the

other functions. Such ceilings are not much more expensive than those which do not provide fire protection.

Plastered ceilings comprise a plaster coat applied to lathing. They have the disadvantage that the space above the ceiling can not be easily reached without destroying part of the ceiling.

Demountable prefabricated panels have the general advantage of dry construction, and the same applies to the arrangements for closing or covering the joints. Separate panels can easily be removed without damaging adjacent ones.

Notes:

lathing n. основание (под штукатурку) plaster coat слой штукатурки

Ответьте навопросык тексту.

1.What does the term “ceiling” mean?

2.What does a suspended ceiling consist of?

3.What are new types of suspended ceilings developed for?

4.What are the advantages of demountable panels?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите втекстепричастные обороты ипереведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Задайте вопросы к подлежащему и его определению, а также альтернативный и разделительный вопросы к подчёркнутой в тексте В части предложения.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

traditional (adj.), plaster (v.), hanger (n.), situated (adj.), underneath (prep.), suspend (v.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

plan n. – plan v. – planning plaster n. – plaster v.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

ROOFS

The structure of a flat roof is generally similar to that of a floor, but lighter. In steel-framed buildings the roof materials most widely used are steel and concrete.

Metal roofing Galvanised steel sheet is widely used for externally insulated roofs. The sheets are fixed to the supporting beams by welding, bolts or blind rivets etc. The required depth of the section and the weight of the sheeting as a function of the total roof load, the span and the support conditions, single or two spans should be estimated. If the upper surface of the roof has to be constructed to a certain fall to help rainwater run-off, this should be achieved by an adequate sloping of the roof beams.

The steel sheet is in itself impervious to water vapour, but the longitudinal and transverse joints are not always watertight. Under normal internal and external conditions (internal relative humidity 65 %, internal temperature + 20 °C, outside temperature –15 °C), however, a vapour barrier is not required if full airconditioning is not installed.

Concrete roof slabs Concrete roof slabs, laid in-situ or composed of precast concrete units and with or without composite action, are generally similar in construction to floor slabs. Such roofs are more particularly suitable in circumstances where relatively large loads have to be supported by the roof structure.

Lightweight concrete slabs, though possessing good thermal insulation capacity, must nevertheless be provided with additional insulating layers of adequate thickness to ensure that the temperature in the concrete always remains above the dew-point.Aerated concrete is very suitable as a lightweight covering, as are also various lightweight aggregate concretes. A fall for rainwater runoff from a concrete roof can also be obtained more economically by properly sloping the roof beams than by means of a screed.

Notes:

air-conditioning n. кондиционирование воздуха blind rivet глухая заклёпка

fall n. зд. уклон

impervious adj. непроницаемый sheeting n. обшивка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the difference between the structure of a flat roof and a floor?

2.What kinds of roofing are described in the text?

3.What should be estimated in construction of metal roofing?

4.What are the features which characterise metal roofing watertightness?

5.When is concrete roofing more suitable?

6.What kinds of concrete slabs are used for the purpose?

7.What must be done to achieve good thermal insulation of concrete roofing?

8.What must be done to avoid rainwater leakage (протечка) in a concrete roof?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

roofing (n.), galvanised steel, vapour barrier, composite action, longitudinal (adj.), run-off (n.), dew-point (n.), insulate (v.), sheet (n.), slope (v.), vapour (n.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

стально-каркасное здание, плита из лёгкого бетона, однако, обычно, современный, промежуточный, внимание, обстоятельства, изоляционный слой, средство, балка покрытия, оставаться, поризованный бетон, относительная влажность, потолок, плита бетонного покрытия.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкциейкрыши: еётипами, особенностямиисвойствами. Перечислитеихи дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение5. Выберите толкование, которое соответствуетстроительному термину.

5.The walls separating spaces in a

E.STRESS building.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложенияиопределите функцию глаголов to be, to have.

1.The upper surface of the roof has to be constructed to a certain fall to assist rainwater run-off.

2.If the building is to be subsequently raised by the addition of one or more storeys the roof should be designed as a normal floor.

3.Many different materials and methods of construction are used for suspended ceilings.

4.Where services have to be installed in this space and may need attention or may have to be altered later, this type of construction is therefore inadequate.

5.This type of construction has many disadvantages.

6.The insulating panels are supplied with various other layers which have been bonded to them.

7.A floor in a framed building is a number of floor bays.

8.Such slabs tend to be very thick and heavy.

9.The roof has to be disturbed only at the points where column splices have to be made.

10.The rest of the roof can be left in position until the additional storeys have been completed.