Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

Выберите из приведённого ниже списка слов те, которые соотносятся с этими терминами:

cast-in-place; toughened; expansion; composite; bar; hardness; resin; dry; welding; prefabricate; moisture; cracking; versatile; alloy; rolled section; brittle; wire; heating; elastic; fireproof; timber; durable; formwork; bond; void; harden; fibre; cure; admixture; corrosion; annealed; deflect; flexibility; reinforcement; laminated; plasticity; stiffness; prestress.

Учтите, что некоторые слова могут не относится ни к одному из указанных терминов или относитьсяк нескольким из них.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявни-

мание на глаголы группы Perfect Active and Passive.

1.Before modern cement appeared in the nineteenth century natural cement had been used.

2.After the initial set of the concrete it has been allowed to cure in controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.

3.These forms cannot be removed until the concrete has hardened.

4.Glass fibre has been used to reinforce GRP.

5.Toughened glass has been widely used in buildings.

6.This paste has hardened and formed from the reaction of water and cement powder.

7.Loud sounds have been avoided by the use of this acoustic material.

8.Wood has decreased strength under long-term loads.

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на усилительное do/does/did.

1.A material which does have such strength will be chosen (выбирать).

2.The amount of deformation does depend on the size and shape of the object.

3.These tests do take a few minutes.

4.The U of a material does vary directly with its density.

5.Mass production techniques did make the cost of construction lower.

6.This building did require a movement joint at 50 m intervals.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода it.

1.Glass is a very durable material. It has a hardness comparable with steel.

2.There is a unit stress below which the material will not fail. It is the endurance limit.

3.Wood has low strength under long term loads but it has good resistance to short term loads.

4.It should be taken into account that further deformations due to creep may cause sagging.

5.It is easy to make high strength connections between steel components by welding or bolting.

6.It has been shown by the experiments that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

7.It is important to remember that at 480 °C (900 °F) steel keeps about twothirds of its original stiffness and strength.

8.Prestressed concrete is particularly useful for beams. Due to it steel can be used at stresses several times larger.

Упражнение4. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на слова, образованные по способу конверсии.

1.Annealed glass is difficult to scratch.

2.Glass is a strong material in compression if it is free of scratches.

3.Concrete may be useful as a tie.

4.Precast concrete requires connections to tie the structure together.

5.The work has been done in time.

6.In reinforced concrete steel and concrete work together.

7.Pieces of lumber are glued together to form a glued-laminated member.

8.Only reliable glues can be used for glued-laminated members.

9.There are many building materials.

10.These drawings show how the building will look.

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заменители.

1.Various kinds of cement are available, for example, those which harden rapidly.

2.Heat capacity of concrete is less than that of wood.

3.Glass has good resistance to almost all acids, including those present in rainwater.

4.The manner glass fail in is a brittle one.

5.The allowable tensile stresses for short term loads are more than twice higher than those for long term ones.

6.Dry wood has about twice the strength and stiffness of the green one.

Текст B

TOUGHENED GLASS

Toughened glass is about five times stronger in bending than ordinary annealed glass because the surface of the glass is prestressed in compression. No tensile stresses will take place on the surface if the stress that is applied is not greater than this prestress. In order to make toughened glass its surface, when it is at a high temperature, is rapidly cooled. This process not only produces compression on the surface but tension in the middle of the toughened

glass and this accounts for the characteristic way toughened glass shatters into pieces when broken. This is a relatively safe way when a failure takes place. The greater safety of toughened glass over annealed glass is an important reason for its selection. Because toughened glass has a significant tensile strength, it is able to accept not only the applied stress due to loads but also stresses due to temperature difference. In this way it can take thermal shocks and not crack. Disadvantages of toughened glass are its loss of properties above about 300 °C (575 °F) and the fact that it may not be drilled, cut or shaped after toughening has been finished. Toughened glass has been widely used in buildings. High glass wall elevations have been constructed with the use of toughened glass. In this case the glass wall is hung from supports to avoid buckling.

Notes:

cool v. охлаждать(ся) safe adj. безопасный shatter v. разбиваться

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How strong is toughened glass?

2.Why is it so strong?

3.How is toughened glass made?

4.What is an important reason for its selection?

5.Why does toughened glass not crack due to temperature dif-ferences?

6.What are the disadvantages of toughened glass?

7.Where is toughened glass used in buildings?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

buckling (n.), shape (v.), support (n.), hang (v.), ordinary (adj.), elevation (n.), drill (v.), selection (n.), finish (v.), fact (n ).

ЕслиВы не знаете слово, найдите его всловаре. Выпишите изсловаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

compare – compared to – comparable select – selection

Текст C

FABRIC

Fabric structures have been in use for a very long time as temporary forms of construction. The important characteristics of fabric structures are their flexibility in bending, although the forces that are developed in supports and foundations by fabric structures can be very large. Fabrics require different methods of design compared to the large majority of building structures which are rigid and cannot change shape when the loads change.

Fabrics may be made of mineral fibres, such as glass, organic fibres such as cotton, metal fibres such as stainless steel, or synthetic fibres. A film or coating is usually applied to a fabric so as to improve its properties. A mesh may be used as reinforcement to plastic film. In the latter case the mesh is usually sandwiched between two layers of film and is then known as a reinforced film. Important general characteristics of fabrics and fabric structures compared to other building materials and structures are as follows:

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Fabric has moderate to high tensile strength but no effective compressive strength. The strength of the fabric depends mainly on the fibre which is used.

Fabric has a low or zero shear modulus, that is, the material can be made that shears with little or no effort. A fabric which does possess shear stiffness is less tolerant of errors in the design of a structure that is made from it and less easily adapts its shape to changes in load.

Fabric has low weight and a very high strength to weight ratio.

Fabric which is made from synthetic materials loses strength when it is loaded over a period of time. An increase in temperature also causes a loss of strength. A problem with some fabrics, especially fabrics that are made from synthetic fibres, is creep, that is, the constant increase in length of the fabric, under a constant load. Temperature and humidity can increase the creep of some materials.

Fabrics are generally elastic materials. At high load they show some plasticity, that is, they have a permanent extension even after the load is removed. The plasticity is influenced by the rate of loading.

Fabrics can be made reasonably durable, that is reasonably resistant to tears. Tears can exist in a fabric under stress for a long period of time.

Fabric structures may be erected in low temperature conditions. They may also be designed for very quick erection.

The dimensional stability of a coated fabric, that is, the degree to which it changes its dimensions over time and under different conditions depends mainly on the fibre. On the other hand the light transmission, fire resistance, permeability, weathering and durability will depend mainly on the coating in use.

High temperatures decrease the strength and increase the stretch of fabric. On the other hand, low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop. The qualities of most fabrics will not become worse to any significant extent in the range of temperatures from at least –40 °C (–40 °F) to +60 °C (+ 140 °F).

Notes:

cotton n. хлопок

dimensional stability стабильность размеров film n. плёнка

majority n. большинство

mineral fibre минеральное волокно organic fibre органическое волокно

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shear modulus модуль упругости при сдвиге shear stiffness жёсткость при сдвиге synthetic adj. синтетический

tear n. разрыв, разрез zero adj. нулевой

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How have fabric structures been used?

2.What are the important characteristics of fabric structures?

3.Why do fabric structures differ (отличаться) from most of the other building structures?

4.What are fabrics made of?

5.Why is coating applied to fabric?

6.How is fabric reinforced?

7.What is the strength of fabrics?

8.What are the problems of fabrics made from synthetic materials?

9.What does plasticity of fabric mean?

10.What does dimensional stability of a coated fabric mean?

11.How do high temperatures influence fabric?

12.How do low temperatures influence it?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которыеиспользованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их правильный перевод в списке В.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

BEHAVIOR OF FOUNDATIONS

Foundations are elements that affect a transition between the building and the ground. There are three general areas of importance in foundation design.

1.The nature of the structure that must be supported.

2.The nature of the ground.

3.The structural actions of foundation elements, involving internal stresses and strains and the means by which they achieve the transfer of loads to the ground.

Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete, because of the relative cost of the material and its high resistance to water, rot, etc. The two general types of foundations are shallow bearing foundations and deep foundations. With shallow foundations load transfer occurs near the bottom of the building; with deep foundations it involves soil strata at some distance below the building.

The most common types of shallow foundations are wall and column footings, consisting of concrete strips and pads that are poured directly on the ground directly supporting structural elements of the building. Sometimes several structural elements of the building may be supported by a single large footing. Such a foundation does literally float on the soil and is called a raft.

If the soil at the bottom of the building is not adequate for the load transfers, it becomes necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata. In this case builders have to go all the way down to bedrock, or merely to some more desirable soil layer. In order to accomplish this, the building is simply placed on stilts, or tall legs, in the ground. The two basic types of elements that are used for this are piles and piers. Piles are elements that are driven into the ground. Piers are shafts that are excavated and then filled with concrete.

Notes:

excavate v. рыть, копать literally adv. буквально rot n. гниение, гниль

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are foundations?

2.What are the main important factors in foundation design?

3.What is the most common material in foundations?

4.What is the difference between shallow bearing foundations and deep foundations?

5.What are the most common types of shallow foundations?

6.What is a raft?

7.When do builders utilize the resistance of lower soil strata?

8.What do they do in this case?

9.What do we call “piles” and “piers”?

10.Where are piles and piers used?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

pad (n.), bearing foundation, pile (n.), float (v.), utilize (v.), deep foundation, shallow foundation, internal (adj.), stratum (n.), distance (n.), bearing (n.), strip (n.), column footing, raft (n.), leg (n.), shaft (n.), wall footing, drive (v.), pier (n.), transition (n.), bedrock (n.), stilt (n.), structural action, transfer (n.), footing (n.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

природа, характер; конструкция; грунт (2); тип; устойчивость; область, сфера; усилие, сила; деформация, напряжение; основание; слой, пласт; стоимость;

иметьместо, случаться; состоять(из); достичь, получить; поддерживать; влиять на; использовать; добиваться чего-либо; включать в себя; становиться; отливать, бетонировать;

глубокий; достаточный; просто; непосредственно, прямо; обычный; только; основной(2); желательный; необходимый; несколько; высокий;

затем; который; это; для того чтобы; для; такой; иногда; между; из-за; и т. д.; рядом с; под, ниже.

Упражнение 3. Найдите втексте термины, связанные сфундаментом: егоназначением, типамииособенностямиэтихтипов. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия I.

1.Wall and column footings, consisting of concrete strips are the most common types of shallow foundations.

2.Concrete strips are poured directly on the ground supporting structural elements of the building.

3.Stresses acting on the cross-sectional area parallel to the direction of the force are called shear unit stresses.

4.The supporting members are glued-laminated timbers.

5.A steel rod having a cross section 0.5 in2 can carry more than 40 men.

6.Foundations are elements affecting a transition between the building and the ground.

7.Builders producing concrete can pump, or spray it into all kinds of shapes.

8.Glass is a strong material in compression providing its full strength in tension.

9.A film or coating is usually applied to a fabric improving its properties.

10.Construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately giving faster completion times.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого.

1.Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete.

2.The two fundamental types of foundations were bearing foundations and deep foundations.

3.When not bearing on rock, piers are usually made wider at their ends.

4.Shallow foundation for the house is being built now.

5.Its mechanical properties are altered by the ground water.

6.Their strength will have been achieved by the end of the work.

7.The Romans used their hydraulic concrete to place very heavy foundations.

8.They are generally produced as sheet, partly because they can be easily changed in shape.

9.By that time the foundation will have been built.

10.In this way tall structures have been successfully built.

Упражнение3. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

1.Occasionally, several structural elements of the building may be supported by a single large footing.

2.Cast-in-place reinforced concrete is able to be applied to non-standard areas and shapes.

3.In order to obtain good strength and durability in the long term, concrete must be allowed to cure.

4.After it is placed in its final position, no wet concrete should be at a temperature less than 5 °C or 40 °F.

5.This period of time is necessary because concrete should gain sufficient strength before it has to support itself.

6.A thin wall is difficult to concrete if it must be cast vertically because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

7.These laminations can be used straight in columns or beams and can be bent to form arches.

8.This may require going all the way down to bedrock.

9.Wall footings are to consist of concrete strips and pads poured directly on the ground.

10.Piles may also be simply driven until their surfaces develop sufficient skin friction with the soil.

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Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию it.

1.Engineers don’t design to stress a material to the point where it will fail.

2.We obtained unit stress by dividing the force by the area on which it acts and show it as pounds per square inch.

3.It is important to know the nature of the ground.

4.It is a mixture of limestone and clay.

5.Sometimes it becomes necessary to utilize the strength of the bedrock.

6.Concrete has many characteristics that make it a constructional material.

Текст B

FOUNDATIONS

Structures are built on the ground, either directly on rock at or near the surface or on soil lying over rock at some depth. Foundations on soil usually settle to some extent, and builders must ensure that this settlement is uniform and small. Differential settling of the various parts of the structure results in cracking and damage of the fabric.

In the simplest type of foundation on soil, the footing, the topsoil is removed and a layer of concrete a little wider than the wall or pier which it is to support is placed on the ground. In ground of worse bearing quality the separate footings under the walls of a building can be combined in order to form a single thicker and deeper raft foundation. Under a footing the pressure that is caused by the weight of the superstructure is spread into the soil under it, and the advantage of a raft is that the pressure is spread into a much greater volume and depth of ground than it is under a series of individual footings and this reduces the settlement. The raft was developed by the Romans, who used their hydraulic concrete when they placed very heavy foundations, of this type. Modern raft foundations achieve their strength more from reinforcement than great thickness, and under large buildings are often constructed as a series of boxes in which the walls also serve as a basement.

Notes:

differential settling неравномерная осадка hydraulic concrete гидротехнический бетон topsoil n. верхний слой почвы

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Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How are structures built on the ground?

2.Who must ensure that settlement is uniform and small?

3.What does differential settling results in?

4.How is the simplest type of foundation made?

5.How is the foundation made in ground of worse bearing quality?

6.Who was the raft developed by?

7.What are the characteristics of modern foundations?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. НайдитевпервомабзацетекстапричастиеI. Определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Какие времена использованы в тексте? Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте модальные глаголы и их замени-

тели. Переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

series (n.), spread (v.), box (n.), superstructure (n.), settlement (n.), rock (n.), settle (v.),basement (n.), bear (v.), raft foundation.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

base n – base v. – basement n. separate adj. – separate v.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow foundation is the term usually used when the type of foundation that transfers vertical loads by direct bearing on soil strata close to the bottom of the building and a relatively short distance below the ground surface is described. There are three basic forms of shallow foundations: the continuous, strip, wall footing; the individual column or pier footing; and the mat or raft foundation. Fig. 2 shows a number of elements generally used in bearing foundation systems.

Foundation walls are typically built of concrete or masonry. The structural and architectural functions of foundation walls vary, depending on the type of foundation, the size of the building, climate and soil conditions, and whether or not they form a basement.

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1 – footing for free-standing wall; 2 – combined footing; 3 – shear wall footing; 4 – combined footing for closely spaced columns; 5 – rectangular footing; 6 – basement wall; 7 – basement wall; 8 – footing for stairs, etc.; 9 – wall footing; 10 – footing for free-standing wall; 11 – footing for column in wall

FIGURE 2

With no basement the walls are not actually walls. A principal difference relates to the construction of the building floor, whether it consists of a framed structure elevated above the ground, or concrete placed directly on the ground.

When a basement is required foundation walls are usually quite high. In a half-basement the basement floor is only a short distance below grade and the part of the basement wall above ground may be of different construction than that extending into the ground. If the basement floor is a significant distance below grade, major soil pressure will be exerted horizontally against the outside of the wall. In such a case the wall will function as a spanning element supported laterally by the footing or the basement floor at its lower end and by the building floor at its top. For buildings with multilevel basements, walls may become quite massive due to the accumulation of vertical load and the potential for considerable lateral soil pressure.

Notes:

accumulation n. накопление

continuous footing ленточный фундамент half-basement n. полуподвал

multilevel adj. многоуровневый, многоэтажный pier footing столбчатый фундамент

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Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.When is the term “shallow foundation” used?

2.How many forms of shallow foundations do you know?

3.What does figure 1 show?

4.What are foundation walls?

5.How do the functions of foundation walls vary?

6.What is the role of a basement?

7.When is a basement required?

8.What does the term “half-basement” mean?

9.When will the wall function as a spanning element?

10.Why may walls buildings with multilevel basements become quite massive?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

architectural (adj.), span (v.), transfer (v.), mat foundation, strip footing, extend (v.), framed structure, lateral (adj.), shallow (adj.), elevate (v.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

наружнаясторона; уровень; потенциал; стена; термин; функция; каменная кладка; рисунок; расстояние; сплошной фундамент; подвал; сжатие;

применять; помещать; описывать; действовать; поддерживать; показывать; строить; различаться; образовывать; становиться; прилагать (силы); требовать;

массивный; близкорасположенный; значительный; довольно; обычно(3); вертикальный; относительно; основной; фактически;

над; ли… или…; взависимостиот; под; когда; из-за; его, её; только; как, в качестве; несколько; такой; на, к, против.

Упражнение 3. Найдите втексте термины, связанные сфундаментами мелкого заложения: их типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов. Укажите часть речи, которойявляется данное слово, иего производные. Переведите их на русский язык.

elevate; extend; settle; base; deep; transfer.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на функцию причастия II в предложении.

1.Deformation means a change in the outside dimensions of an object caused by a force.

2.The term unit strain, also called strain, means the total change in dimensions divided by the original dimension.

3.The most interesting of all cast-iron (чугунный) buildings was the Crystal Palace built in 1851.

4.The safety factor equals the failure unit stress divided by the allowable unit stress.