Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

11.Structural modification is not economically possible.

12.Large loads have to be supported by the roof structure.

Упражнение 2. Задайте общий, альтернативный, разделительный и 5 специальных вопросов к подчёркнутому в тексте А предложению.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите функцию неличных форм глагола.

1.The following considerations are relevant in determining the span to be adopted for the floor slab.

2.The steel work is prefabricated in a factory, structural steelwork mass production techniques being favourable.

3.The concrete must be prevented from drying out too fast because this may cause cracking.

4.Carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry. These steels are cheap and convenient to use

5.The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires, that are called tendons, and to anchor them to the concrete

6.With some types of precast concrete construction, no time is lost in waiting for concrete to gain strength at one level of a structure before the next level can be placed.

7.The planning grid consists of elongated rectangles with columns widely spaced in one direction, closely spaced in the other.

8.In structural steelwork the term “ceiling” means components of the floor structure installed below the slab and beams.

Текст B

ROOF STRUCTURE

To prevent the loss of warmth, the insulating panels are often laid in several layers. In some systems, the insulating panels are supplied with various other layers which have been bonded to them, for example, with the following composition, from top to bottom:

Waterproof layer Venting layer

Heat insulating layer

Vapour barrier Venting layer

Such panels can be laid ‘dry’ and they must be carefully sealed at the joints under dry conditions. In this way, a temporary roof covering is obtained, which can be completed later under better weather conditions, by the addition of the finishing layers.

The structural roof slab also provides thermal insulation and is provided with only a waterproof layer. The structural slab itself is subjected to considerable temperature differences which may cause variations in length.

The space between the roof structure and the ceiling may be a factor to consider in designing the roof insulation. If this space is not in effective contact with the air inside the room, the upper layer of air in the cavity may eventually reach a temperature close to that of the outside air, the structural slab becoming saturated with moisture. Slots or holes in the ceiling don’t prevent this effect. On the other hand, it does not occur if the ceiling space is in effective contact with the interior of the room, for example, if the ceiling is formed by slats and large openings.

Notes:

bond v. соединять later adv. позже saturate v. пропитывать

venting layer вентиляционный слой warmth n. тепло

waterproof adj. водонепроницаемый

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the functions of the insulating panels?

2.What must be done when such panels are used?

3.Why is the space between the roof structure and the ceiling a factor to consider?

4.What are the two alternatives?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте неличные формы глагола. Определите их функции и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Задайте 4 специальных вопроса к тексту В.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

seal (v.), inside (adv.), slat (n.), slot (n.), interior (n.), contact (n.), structural slab.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

relate – relation – relationship insulate – insulation

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

EXTERNAL WALLS

Brickwork Ordinary or lightweight bricks, with or without external rendering, are placed within the frame. For high walls the masonry is also supported by vertical and horizontal steel members. Such infillings may be a half or a whole brick thick.

Concrete panels and slabs These units, usually of precast concrete, are provided with a heat-insulating. The concrete slab is a composite three-layer unit, comprising an outer and an inner leaf with a layer of insulating material sandwiched between; the inner leaf performs the main supporting function and is thicker than the outer. The two are interconnected by stainless steel ties extending through the insulation. To avoid stresses in the panels due to temperature differences, rigid connections are provided at the centre of each panel and elastic connections at the edges.

Lightweight concrete panels and slabs Because of their low weight and moderate cost, they are particularly suitable for steel-framed buildings. There are different kinds of these:

•Aerated concrete is cast in large blocks which are then cut up into panels or slabs. Aerated concrete panels and slabs are used as single-layer cladding units.

•Lightweight concrete slabs are used as single-layer cladding units which can be cast to any required shape.

•Multi-layer lightweight concrete cladding units comprise a dense inner concrete leaf, a thick intermediate layer of insulating lightweight concrete and an outer finishing layer of concrete.

Sandwich panels These can be self-supporting wall or spandrel panels and panels which are fitted between supporting mullions or columns. Depending on their physical function in relation to the interior space, open and closed panels are to be distinguished. As a rule, a cladding panel comprises the outer skin, the insulating core, the vapour barrier and the inner skin.

Notes:

rendering n. оштукатуривание

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are external walls built of?

2.What kinds of bricks are used?

3.What is the structure of a concrete slab?

4.Which lightweight concrete slabs are there?

5.What sandwich panels are to be distinguished?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

dense (adj.), mullion (n.), spandrel panel, self-supporting (adj.), interconnect (v.), composite (adj.), infilling (n.), skin (n.), multi-layer (adj.), brickwork (n.), leaf (n.), sandwich panel.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обратитевнимание на префиксы с отрицательным значением.

1.This type of foundation is inadequate for the soil condition on the site.

2.A disadvantages of toughened glass is its loss of properties above 300 °C

3.This material is non-elastic.

4.Many great buildings built centuries ago had great strength, unnecessary in most cases.

5.Where floor designs are irregular the simple cast-in-place slab floor system is sometimes used.

6.The house is unusual in its external wall finish.

7.Non-loadbearing internal walls should be so designed that they are not subjected to additional loads.

8.It is impossible to build modern houses without the knowledge of new techniques.

9.Use of deep foundations may be necessary in case of instability of groundlevel soil.

10.Unlike most metals, an increase in temperature even of 10 °C has a major effect on the stiffness of the plastic.

11.When the existing building is to carry heavier loads its load-bearing structure can’t be left (от неправильного глагола leave [left – left] – оставлять) unchanged.

12.Though glass has low thermal conductivity temperature differences are not insignificant for its strength.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите части речи подчеркнутых слов.

1.A building can be stiffened by means of steel bracing, concrete walls or cores.

2.Many bridges span the Neva.

3.The builders position sandwich panels between supporting mullions or columns.

4.When the slabs are lowered into position, the dowels that project do not interfere with them.

5.New means of building unit transportation are used.

6.The designers space column footings reasonably closely in this foundation.

7.In most cases the builders concrete wall footings.

8.They design the wall as a spanning element of one type or another.

9.The space between the roof structure and the ceiling may be a factor to consider.

10.In this case separate footings are better for the foundation.

11.Several insulating layers separate the outside of the roof from its inside.

12.In a one-storey building with light construction and short spans the column loads may be light.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции слов one и that.

1.Cement is one of the most versatile binders.

2.Fabric has a low or zero shear modulus, that is, the material can be made that shears with little or no effort.

3.If pedestal is built of hollow masonry units one should have the voids completely filled with concrete.

4.The shallow foundations are those with which load transfer occurs near the bottom of the building.

5.Separate panels can easily be removed without damaging adjacent ones.

6.Builders must ensure that this settlement is uniform and small.

7.The part of the basement wall above ground may be of different construction than that extending into the ground.

8.The first degree of flexibility is the one which allows modification of the floor space by the owners of the building themselves.

9.That the thickness selected is adequate means that it eliminates the need for shear reinforcing.

10.The basic components of a steel structure are steel sections. These include thin-walled slender elements.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 6 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

EXTERNAL WALL FEATURES

The following characteristics typical of steel-framed buildings affect the construction and often also the external appearance of the facade:

•In steel-framed buildings the loads are transmitted by the columns, no load-bearing external wall being necessary. Hence, lightweight walls are generally more suitable than heavy ones. The columns may be completely or partly incorporated into those walls.

•The location of the columns in relation to the external wall must therefore be considered, as they may be behind, in, or in front of the wall.

•As external columns can support the facades, mullions are often not necessary.

•The external wall can be fixed quite simply to the structural frame by bolting or welding.

•Wind-bracings comprising diagonal members, whether installed inside or outside the facade, largely affect the design of the external wall.

•Proper attention should be paid to relative movements between the structural frame and the external wall. The deformations of a steel frame due to temperature variations, vertical live load and wind load and, in tall buildings, the oscillations due to wind – are usually greater than those of a concrete frame.

•Because of factory production, dimensional tolerances in a steel frame are smaller than in structures built of other materials.

•Erection of the external wall can often be combined with erection of the structural steelwork.

Notes:

oscillation n. колебание

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 6 вопросов различных типов к тексту B. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте примеры употребления слов one и that. Обратите внимание на их перевод.

Упражнение3. Найдитевтекстеслова, которыемогутбытьдругими частями речи.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

facade (n.), wind-bracing (n.), outside (prep.), in front of (prep.), behind (prep.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

compose – composite adj. – composite n. – composition n.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

INTERNAL WALLS

Depending on the duties they have to perform, internal walls have to fulfil various functions determined partly by conditions of use and partly by structural requirements. In the choice of a suitable wall, the problem of cost is certainly very important.

A general distinction can be drawn between load-bearing and nonloadbearing internal walls.

Load-bearing internal walls Framed buildings normally have no walls designed for the specific purpose of transferring vertical loads, but they frequently have walls which increase structural rigidity, that is, serving to transmit horizontal loads. These are shear walls and they usually also receive a certain amount of vertical load, if only for counterbalancing the tensile forces that would otherwise be caused by bending moments. Such walls in most

cases also perform a fire protection function in subdividing the building into fire compartments.

Non-loadbearing internal walls Functionally these are partitions, merely separating room from room. They should possess the necessary strength and stability to support their own weight and the loads exerted by objects attached to them, as well as any horizontal forces due to such attachments and also live load, including effects of impact loads. Such walls should be so designed and attached to the load-bearing structure of the building that they are not subjected to additional loads which they are not designed to take.

Pipes and wiring for sanitary and electrical installations are often fitted within internal walls. In the case of prefabricated partitions this makes special arrangements, for example, units specially designed for bathrooms, etc. necessary. Demountable partitions should not contain any services, except wiring to sockets.

Partition wall units are generally prefabricated to 120 cm width, the partitioning being based on fixed modular dimensions, generally 10, 30 and 60 cm.

Notes:

duty n. задача, цель

impact load ударная нагрузка; динамическая нагрузка modular dimension модульный размер

partitioning n. разделение на секции bathroom n. ванная комната

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What do the functions of the internal walls depend on?

2.What general types of internal walls are there?

3.Why are load-bearing internal walls used in framed buildings?

4.What are the requirements for the non-loadbearing internal walls?

5.Why are special arrangements necessary in prefabricated partitions?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другимичастями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

rigidity (n.), bending moment, pipe (n.), socket (n.), wiring (n.), attachment (n.), attach (v.), sanitary (adj.), fire compartment.

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

разборная перегородка, в зависимости от, дополнительная нагрузка, в противном случае, воспринимать, несущая конструкция, функционально, только, стенажёсткости, уравновешивать, определённый, оказывать(действие), присоединять, часто, конструкционноетребование, определять.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией внутренней стены: её особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Framing systems

The roof and the floors of buildings are generally (1)… by one of the three common framing (2)…: (a) bearing wall, (b) structural frame composed of beams and columns or slabs and columns, and (c) special long-span roof systems.

In bearing-wall construction, walls support the (3)… of the floor and roof beams and slabs in addition to enclosing (огораживать) (4)… space. The bearing wall can be made of bricks, concrete blocks, (5)… reinforced concrete, or precast concrete panels. (6)… bearing-wall construction is more common for one-family houses and some industrial buildings, reinforced (7)… bearing walls, commonly known as shear walls, are increasingly being used for tall buildings up to 75 (8)… .

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на герундий в функции определения.

1.Framed buildings normally have no walls designed for the specific purpose of transferring vertical loads.

2.Shear walls also perform a fire protection function of subdividing the building into fire compartments.

3.There are no reliable methods of estimating the degree of airborne sound conduction achieved by a wall.

4.Buildings have the advantage of being stiffened by the floors.

5.The purpose of using reinforcement in concrete is to increase its tensile strength.

6.Their structural potential of foundation wall is often used for additional purposes of distributing or equalizing the load.

7.Several techniques of placing the reinforcement have been developed.

8.Flexibility in altering and rearranging the services is essential.

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующиепредложения. Определите, от каких слов и с помощью каких суффиксовобразованы подчеркнутые прилагательные и наречия.

1.The more extensive use of steel in multi-storey buildings results from the ease of its use in construction.

2.There is the choice of fire resistant form of construction or a protective coating.

3.Fabrics require different methods of design.

4.The dimensional stability of a coated fabric depends mainly on the fibre.

5.Glass has hardness comparable with steel.

6.Shallow foundation having a relatively short distance below the ground surface transfer vertical loads by direct bearing on soil strata close to the bottom of the building.

7.Concrete roof is particularly suitable when relatively large loads have to be supported by the roof structure.

8.Demountable prefabricated panels have the general advantage of dry construction.

Упражнение 3. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 6 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

INTERNAL WALLS REQUIREMENTS

Fire protection and sound insulation

Depending on the function it will be expected to perform in the case of a fire, the internal wall may have to be of fireproof construction to separate the building into fire compartments and to protect the escape routes. Most building regulations include the following requirements:

•Adequate fire protection and additional strength for compartment walls and staircases, described as “protected shafts”.

•Walls along escape routes should have adequate fire-retarding capacity.

•Double-leaf partitions can often be made to provide fire protection for structural steel components, if the leaves are of proper fireproof materials. Thus, floor beams may be protected in this way, if their spacing is the same as that of the partitions, the beams being incorporated within the latter. No suspended ceiling is needed, the partitions being extended to the bottom side of the floor slab.

After fire protection, sound insulation is the most important function of the internal wall, especially in providing insulation against airborne sound transmission from room to room. The degree of insulation provided by a singlelayer wall depends on its weight; in the case of a multi-layer wall it depends also on the thickness and nature of the material of the outer leaves, the nature of the insulating material sandwiched between, and on the manner in which

they are inter-connected. There are no reliable methods of estimating the degree of airborne sound conduction achieved by a wall.

Notes:

building regulations строительные нормы и правила escape route путь эвакуации

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why should internal walls be fire-resistant?

2.What requirements do most building regulations include?

3.What does the degree of sound insulation of an internal wall depend on?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 6 вопросов различных типов к тексту B. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастие I и герундий. Определите их функции и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 2. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

circular circulation rigid – rigidity attach – attachment

Текст C

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS: FRAMES AND TUBES

A large number of high-rise buildings use shear walls to provide lateral stability. A development of the shear wall is the core structure in which a number of shear walls are placed together, usually enclosing lifts, stairs or services to form tubes or other plan shapes. Compared to a single wall the core or shaft structures have ‘flange’ as well as ‘web’ parts to resist horizontal forces. However the overall shear and bending moment patterns in shear wall and core structures follow that of a cantilever. In practice there is a difficulty because of the need to provide openings in the core structure for service runs. With only small openings the core structure will not be affected but larger openings will require strengthening round the openings, especially at sharp corners. Most core structures are of poured concrete construction in which additional reinforcement may be placed as necessary but cores may also be built in reinforced or unreinforced masonry. Where a high-rise concrete frame of cast-in-place construction is used, it is natural to connect the frame with shear walls so that they interact with each other.

A further increase in stiffness against horizontal forces can be provided in steel buildings by using a shear truss and frame with belt trusses. In this system deep horizontal outrigger trusses are connected to the central shear trusses which are vertical, and to a horizontal belt truss in the perimeter of the steel frame.

In order to prevent bending moment being passed over into the perimeter columns, the connection between them and the belt trusses can be a pinned one. There are certain best locations for the belt trusses: if two belt trusses are used they would be best placed somewhere near the half and three-quarter points in the height of the building; if only one belt truss is used, it would be best placed somewhere between these two positions, although in practice the highest belt truss is often placed at the top of the building.

The most effective way of resisting horizontal loads, for any given plan area, is to use a cantilever with a solid section; however hollow tubes are more efficient in that they are almost as stiff but use very much less material than a solid section cantilever. The direct stresses of tension and compression and the shear stresses are those connected with a pure cantilever. Solid sections are not practical forms and hollow sections without openings are generally only feasible for towers and other such uses. However high-rise buildings can still be designed to exploit the inherent efficiency of tube action by an adequate choice of form. The purpose, if tube-type systems are used, is to increase the plan area of the tube as much as possible that is to increase the effective section area of the cantilever, and to make the structural behaviour as close as possible to that of the hollow tube without openings in it. As window openings are necessary for the building, the perimeter structure is weaker and more flexible than that of the pure tube. However buildings do have the compensating advantage of being stiffened by the floors, which act as a series of horizontal diaphragms and prevent deformation of the cross-section of the building throughout its height.

Notes:

direct stress напряжение, усилие (растяжения или сжатия)

structural behaviour работа/поведение строительной конструкции

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is used to provide lateral stability in high-rise buildings?

2.What is a difficulty in providing strength of the core or shaft structures?

3.How can this difficulty be overcome?

4.How are most core structures built?

5.What can be done to increase the stiffness of steel buildings against horizontal forces?

6.What are the best locations for the belt trusses?

7.Why are hollow tubes more efficient than a cantilever with a solid section?

8.How can the inherent efficiency of tube action be exploited in high-rise buildings?

9.What prevents deformation of the cross-section of the building throughout its height?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод всписке В.

ЗНАКИФОНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ТРАНСКРИПЦИИ

Произношение вупражненияхзаданияи словаре даётся помеждународной фонетической системе.

Ударение в фонетической транскрипции ставится перед ударным слогом. Второстепенное ударение ставится внизу перед ударным слогом.

Гласные звуки

– долгий и

I – краткий, открытый и

–как э в словах этот, эти

–очень открытый э, как ударный гласный в слове бяка

–долгий, глубокий а, как ударный гласный в слове палка

–краткий, открытый о

–долгий о

–краткий у

–долгий у

–краткий а, как в словах варить, мосты

–как долгое ё в словах Фёкла, свёкла

–безударныйгласный, похожийнарусскийбезударныйгласныйвсловах

нужен, голос, карета

– безударный гласный может произноситься или не произноситься.

– звук образуется, когда губы, в положении как при свисте, резко раздвигаются. Напоминаетзвуку.

– ф

– в