Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

The basis of modern production of elements in concrete is cement powder, one of the most versatile binders. About 950 million tonnes of cement powder is produced each year around the world.

Concretes can vary greatly in their composition but those in general use are: high strength concrete, normal weight concrete, lightweight concrete, aerated concrete, and fibre reinforced concrete. Mostly, Portland cement is used but other cements are used in special circumstances. Concrete may be unreinforced, reinforced with steel or fibres or prestressed. Another important

distinction is by method of production between cast-in-place concrete, which is poured into its final position on site, and precast concrete, which is poured and cured in a factory and must then be transported to site. Concrete elements can also be precast on site and lifted into their final position by crane. Methods are available for continuous casting of concrete, both vertically and horizontally.

The basic components of concrete are coarse and fine aggregate, cement powder and water; admixtures are sometimes added in too. Most often the fine aggregate is a sand. The quantities of aggregates, cements or admixtures which are used may vary in particular circumstances. A typical concrete is a two-phase material with 60–75 % of coarse and fine aggregate, which is the filler material and 25–40 % of cement paste, which is the binder. This paste is hardened and formed from the reaction of water and cement powder. Voids of free water and air occupy between one and ten per cent of the volume of the mix and have a major influence on the strength and other properties of the mix.

Notes:

coarse adj. крупный

fibre reinforced concrete фибробетон phase n. фаза, этап, стадия

powder n. порошок reaction n. реакция

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is one of the most versatile binders?

2.What kinds of concrete are there?

3.How can concrete be made stronger?

4.What is “cast-in-place concrete”?

5.What kind of concrete is poured and cured in a factory?

6.Where can precast concrete be made?

7.How can concrete elements be lifted into their final position?

8.What are the basic components of concrete?

9.What is fine aggregate?

10.What makes the concrete paste harden?

11.What does a typical concrete consist of?

12.What influences the strength of the mix?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

influence, circumstance, fibre, production, site, mix, precast concrete, void, tonne, distinction, aerated concrete, filler, casting, admixture;

прилагательные и наречия:

continuous, cast-in-place, fine, major, particular, final;

служебные слова и обороты: about, both…and…, mostly;

глаголы:

form, harden, cure, occupy, add, prestress, reinforce, precast.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания –ed.

в) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

состав; фабрика; влажность; способность; линия; напор, нажим; кран; опыт; строительнаяплощадка, место; мир; элемент; потеря; поверхность; плоскость; сочетание; угол; устойчивость; долговечность;

сгибать; включать; течь; соединять; меняться; планировать; классифицировать; поднимать; проходить; уравновешивать; (быть) в широком использовании; оказывать (действие); основывать, базировать; уменьшать; трескаться; транспортировать;

типичный; свободный; специальный; нормальный; прочный; устойчивый; дополнительный; тщательный; нейтральный; горизонтальный; основной; искусственный; химический; быстрый;

вверх; такчто; часто; ни… ни…; вниз; сквозь; длятого, чтобы; подобно; над; вокруг.

Упражнение 3. Какие типы бетона упоминаются в тексте? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов. Укажите часть речи, которой является данное слово и его производные. Переведите их на русский язык. В скобках указано количество производных, которое встречается в уроках 1–5.

construct (1), add (2), crack (2), cast (2), mix (2) strong (2), fail (1).

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова, образованные по способу конверсии. Укажите признаки, которые позволяют определить, какойчастьюречиявляютсяподчёркнутые слова.

1.The two most important building materials appeared in the 19th century.

2.The Greeks sometimes used iron rods to strengthen the building.

3.He designs buildings.

4.New designs are the result of new materials and building methods.

3.A sample of rubber becomes substantially shorter and a little wider.

4.Usually failure unit stress is determined experimentally.

5.The material is used inefficiently.

6.Shearing unit stress acts unequally.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на страдательный залог сказуемого.

1.About 950 million tones of cement powder are produced each year.

2.Different cements are used in special circumstances.

3.In order to get the necessary properties special admixtures are sometimes added to concrete.

4.An advantage of concrete is the ease with which its properties can be changed.

5.Concrete may be unreinforced, reinforced with steel or prestressed.

6.Concrete was poured into its final position on site.

Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие числительные:

21.02.1974; 987; 3256; 839,200; 3,482,408; 795; 437;12,457; 73,042; 02.08.1982.

Текст B

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete has many characteristics that make it a construction material which is used most widely. Concrete is easily available, it can take the shape of the form which it is placed in, and its properties can be easily changed.

Basically, concrete is 60–80 percent aggregates (sand, stone), which are filler ingredients, and 20–40 percent “paste” (water, Portland cement), which make the binder ingredient. These materials are combined or mixed, and cured to produce the hardened concrete.

The strength of the concrete depends on the strength of the aggregatepaste bond. The entire mass of the concrete is placed in a plastic state and almost immediately begins to develop strength (harden), a process which, under necessary conditions, may continue for years. Because concrete is at the

beginning in a plastic state, it can be used in all kinds of construction, no matter what their size or shape are. But concrete in a plastic condition must be placed within forms, and these forms cannot be removed until the concrete has hardened.

In types of work where concrete is subjected to counteract compressive stresses, it is a very good building material. However, if the concrete is subjected to tensile stresses, it must be reinforced with steel, as concrete is weak in tension.

Notes:

beginning n. начало

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why is concrete most widely used?

2.What is it made of?

3.What does the strength of concrete depend on?

4.Where is concrete placed?

5.When must it be reinforced with steel?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте примеры конверсии. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте слова, образованные с помощью суффикса – er. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте слова, образованные с помощью суффикса – ly. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение: выделитев нёмподлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

form, mass, characteristics, percent, binder, state, shape, tension, bond, drawback;

прилагательные и наречия:

easy, weak, entire, plastic, available, immediately;

служебные слова и обороты:

almost, within, no matter what, however, most, as;

глаголы:

combine, place, remove, change, cure, subject.

б) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

basic – basically produce – production

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

CONCRETE MIX

The type of concrete mix and the properties of the hardened concrete may be altered. In order to do that the proportions of the ingredients may be varied, the type of cement and aggregates may be altered and admixtures may be used. The aggregates must be strong and durable materials in order to take the loads that are applied and ought not to react chemically with the cement paste. Aggregates help to reduce the volume changes in the concrete due to shrinkage or temperature changes. Aggregates can be selected in order to provide a concrete with properties such as low weight, low shrinkage, high thermal insulation, good fire resistance.

Various kinds of cement are available, for example, those which harden rapidly or those which resist chemical attack, such as sulphates in the soil. Blended cements are also available which give low heat output during the curing period of concrete. The blended cements consist of mixtures of Portland cement and admixtures which are carefully graded. These may replace up to about 70% of the Portland cement which would have been required.

The mix proportions of the concrete, and admixtures, will generally control the strength, permeability, frost resistance and resistance to chemical attack. The strength of the hardened concrete depends greatly on the water to cement ratio. A typical value of this ratio should be about 0.5 by weight. An increase in the value of this ratio would produce a concrete with more voids and result in lower compressive strength. A large number of properties, such as tensile strength, durability, chemical resistance and density are connected with the compressive strength of concrete.

Notes:

attack n. атака, разрушительное воздействие

blended cement многокомпонентный портландцемент frost resistance морозостойкость

output n. выработка react v. реагировать replace v. заменять sulphate n. сульфат

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How can the properties of concrete be altered?

2.What kind of material must aggregates be?

3.How do aggregates influence the volume changes in the concrete?

4.How can aggregates be selected?

5.What kinds of cement are there?

6.What do the blended cements consist of?

7.What is the amount of admixtures in the blended cements?

8.What will the mix proportions of the concrete control?

9.What does the strength of the hardened concrete depend on?

10.What properties are connected with the compressive strength of concrete?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

shrinkage, increase, ratio, curing, thermal insulation, permeability, soil;

прилагательные и наречия: generally, durable, rapid;

служебные слова и обороты: during, up to;

глаголы:

control, apply, grade, provide, alter, help.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания -ed.

в) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

заполнитель; свойство; пропорция; добавка, присадка; изменение; сорт, тип; вес; величина; плотность; огнестойкость; состав(смеси); отношение, соотношение; прочность; пустота; смесь;

изменять(ся); состоять(из); соединять; требовать; зависеть(от); твердеть; размещать, класть; уменьшать; удалять; производить; противостоять; приводить к; подвергать; выдерживать (бетон);

долговечный, стойкий; тщательно; легко; весь; имеющийся в распоряжении; взначительной степени; высокий; пластичный; низкий; быстро; прочный; типичный; слабый; широко;

как … так и …; внутри; который; приблизительно, около; в течение; те; например; такой как; из-за; тот.

Упражнение 3. Какие термины, связанные с бетоном и его составом, встречаются в тексте? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение5. Объясните разницувзначенииперечисленныхпар

слов:

durable – strong small – fine void – hole surface – plane

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие условные предложения.

1.The properties of the hardened concrete will be altered if the proportions of the ingredients are changed.

2.Steel wouldn’t have become available in large quantities if the Bessemer process hadn’t been invented (изобретать).

3.If the owner wanted this builder to do the building work he would give him the contract.

4.If the beams support a plaster ceiling they fail at a unit stress that causes plaster cracking.

5.I would have told her about the examination if I had seen her yesterday.

6.If a force remains constant the cross section unit stress will change when the cross section changes.

7.If the cost of this building material were lower we would choose it.

8.If I had seen my friend on Monday, I would have asked his advice (совет).

9.We shall have to wait for him if he doesn’t come in time.

10.Concrete wouldn’t crack if it were reinforced.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения. Помните о сослагательном наклонении.

1.It would be better to reduce temperature changes.

2.For this purpose concrete would be easier to produce at the factory.

3.We could have used some admixtures but we didn’t know the results of the test.

4.Smaller size would increase deformation.

5.An increase in the value of this ratio would produce a concrete with more voids.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующие числительные.

1/10; 0.46; 2.54; 684.75; 3/5; 0.5; 2.5; 3.63; 8½; 7/8; 35.04; 28.8; ¼; 65.5; 0.91; ¾.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на заменители модальных глаголов.

1.Sometimes concrete should be used reinforced with steel.

2.Concrete that is precast at a factory has to be transported to the site.

3.The builders were not able to precast concrete on site because of bad weather (погодные) conditions.

4.The quantities of aggregates, cements or admixtures were to be varied according to the design.

5.A typical hardened and compacted concrete is a two-phase material with aggregate, which should be an inert filler material.

6.Concrete ought to be placed in a plastic state in a form.

7.Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, builders are able to use it in all kinds of construction.

8.If concrete is to counteract tensile stresses, it has to be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there + be.

1.There are different kinds of concrete reinforcement.

2.There will be precast walls in this building.

3.There were temperature changes which caused cracking.

4.There mustn’t be weak aggregates in a concrete mix.

5.There are natural and artificial building materials.

6.There should not be too much thrust either to the right or to the left.

Текст B

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

The important general characteristics of hardened normal weight concrete and concrete structures, which are made with Portland cement, compared to other building materials and structures are as follows:

Concrete has a high compressive strength, so that it is particularly suitable for use in walls and columns.

If it is not in the form of prestressed concrete, concrete has a low strength to weight ratio which results in general choice of steel or timber beams when there are long spans, and light loads which are applied.

In building, the weight of concrete can provide good sound insulation, for example in floors.

Concrete has good fire resistance. This property often gives it an important advantage over steel. The fire resistance can be made a little lower by aggregates that contain silica.

There is no damage to reinforced concrete at temperatures which are lower than 300 °C (580 °F) and a limestone aggregate can withstand temper-atures up to about 800 °C (1,500 °F) without great damage.

Unreinforced concrete is able to withstand amounts of tension, up to approximately 1/10 of its compressive strength. This property is of great importance as it allows concrete to withstand some shear stress without cracking.

Notes:

silica n. кремнезём

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How many important general characteristics of hardened concrete structures are there?

2.What are they?

3.How can fire resistance of concrete be influenced?

4.What temperatures can limestone aggregate withstand?

5.How high are the amounts of tension that unreinforced concrete is able to withstand?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте условное предложение. Переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте числительные. Прочитайте их.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

sound, insulation, timber, floor, wall, choice, span, choice, importance, damage;

прилагательные и наречия:

light, a little, particularly, other, suitable, approximately;

служебные слова и обороты:

as follows, as, without, so that, for example, by, some, compared to;

глаголы:

contain, apply, provide, give, withstand, allow.

б) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

durable – durability important – importance

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

CONCRETE

Part I

A property that is particularly connected with concrete is shrinkage, which is the permanent contraction of concrete. It is caused by loss of water from the cement paste after hardening. The rate of shrinkage is rapid in the period which immediately follows the set of the concrete but becomes much slower with time. Because of the low tensile strength of concrete, shrinkage when it is limited leads to cracking.

Cast-in-place reinforced concrete as a method of construction is able to be applied to non-standard areas and shapes. It forms heavy, rigid, fireproof construction with relative ease.

Because all the necessary materials are easily available, construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately, which sometimes gives faster completion times than if shop-fabricated elements are used, such as those in steel or precast concrete.

About 50 % of the cost of cast-in-place construction is that of the formwork. Hence, standard dimensions, that enable constant re-use of formwork, will significantly reduce the cost of cast-in-place concrete work.

In order to obtain good strength and durability, concrete must be allowed to cure, in conditions of temperature and humidity that are reasonably controlled after the initial set of the concrete. In general, moderate temperatures, between 20 °C and 40 °C (68 °F and 86 °F), and moist or wet conditions are the best. The total curing period is extremely long. However, curing is often considered to be over after the concrete has gained a reasonable strength, although curing and strength are not related. A minimum curing period is usually at least seven days.

Notes:

completion n. завершение, окончание contraction n. сжатие

moist adj. влажный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What property is associated with concrete?

2.What is shrinkage caused by?

3.What is the rate of shrinkage?

4.Why does shrinkage lead to cracking?

5.What is the advantage of “cast-in-place reinforced concrete”?

6.Why is the use of cast-in-place concrete sometimes better than the use of shop fabricated elements?

7.What is the cost of formwork?

8.Why is it useful to re-use the formwork?

9.What should be done to obtain good properties of concrete?

10.What conditions are these?

11.What is the total curing period?

12.What is a minimum curing period?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные: formwork, re-use, set, humidity;

прилагательные и наречия:

fireproof, heavy, initial, extremely, wet, reasonable, moderate, shop fabricated, relative, significantly, rigid, permanent, reasonably;

служебные слова и обороты: at least, hence, in general;

глаголы:

be over, enable, relate (~ to), lead, follow, gain.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

цементное тесто; долговечность; выдерживание бетона; опалубка; сборный (железо)бетон; влажность; форма, профиль; схватывание (смеси); твердение; предел прочности при растяжении; повторное использование; площадь, зона; скорость, интенсивность; свойство;

начинать; применять; формировать, образовывать; ограничивать; становиться; выдерживать(бетон); даватьвозможность; считать, полагать; вызывать; получить, добиться;

общий; монолитный; сразу, непосредственно; значительно; низкий, малый; доступный; быстрый; в особенности; постоянный; со временем;

как, в качестве; из-за; после; когда; такой как; для того, чтобы; между; однако; чем; часто; хотя.