Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, характеризующие положительные и отрицательные свойства бетона и процесса его изготовления. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Выделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложноподчинённых предложениях. Переведите их.

1.They are massive structures with stone walls that withstand the thrust of their great weight.

2.Because of non-standard areas and shapes on the site the material the builders used was cast-in-place reinforced concrete.

3.If the beam is too long, or if it has to support too much weight, it is subjected to shear.

4.One of the reasons these structures have survived (сохраняться) is because of the great strength that was built into them.

5.In Rome, for example, most of the people lived in great blocks that were often ten storeys (этаж) high.

6.When a modern engineer plans a structure, he considers the total weight of all its component materials.

7.An engineer must consider the live load the structure will support when it is in use.

8.These properties of materials are based on the values which are given by standard tests.

9.The shrinkage we observed (наблюдать) has stopped.

10.The modern engineer must also understand the different stresses which the materials in a structure are subject to.

Упражнение2. Вспомнитеилинайдитевсловареглаголы, откоторых образованы следующие существительные. Переведите их.

Упражнение 3. Определите функциюthat вследующихпредложениях.

1.A property that is connected with concrete is shrinkage.

2.About 50 % of the cost of cast-in-place construction is that of the formwork.

3.Engineers know that standard dimensions will enable to re-use the formwork.

4.Three forces can act on a structure: those that act up or down; those that act in horizontal plane; and those that act upon it with a turning motion.

5.Sound is absorbed by spaces in the material that contain air.

6.An important mechanical property of building materials is that of strength.

7.Steel and cement appeared in the nineteenth century and people had been producing steel up to that time by a process that limited its use.

8.We must determine the safety factor, that is, an additional capacity to make the structure stronger.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на залог сказуемого.

1.A metal bar breaks when it is pulled with a force of 200,000 lb.

2.Nothing is designed to be stressed to the point where it is ready to fail.

3.This is the area that resists displacement.

4.Shear unit stresses will act on the cross-sectional area.

5.The unit stress at the location of the highest unit stress is considered.

6.The cross sections were changed in size by forces.

7.The actual unit stress changes when the cross section is changed.

8.Unit stress is computed on the basis of the area as it is before any force is applied.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения. Определите, ккакой части речи относятся подчеркнутые слова.

1.It forms heavy, rigid, fireproof construction with relative ease.

2.Construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately.

3.In order to construct a building, engineers must determine several important factors.

4.Wind increases loads a structure is subjected to.

5.The increase of these forces may cause deformation.

6.Concrete gains strength with time.

7.The gain of strength of these concrete units was achieved by the use of new admixtures.

8.It will reduce the cost of concrete work.

9.Engineers have to know how much this or that building material costs.

10.Standard dimensions enable constant re-use of formwork.

11.It is possible to re-use the formwork in cast-in-place construction.

Текст B

Concrete is subject to dimensional changes due to temperature variations, initial shrinkage and moisture movements among others. Concrete has low tensile strength and the dimensional changes may cause cracking of the concrete. Measures which prevent cracking are necessary in the design of concrete structures but may not always be completely successful.

An elastic material under load is subject to a deformation which causes an elastic strain. Some materials, including concrete, continue to change although there is no increase in load. This deformation causes a further strain, the creep strain, which for concrete, over time, is usually greater than the elastic strain; the creep strain always increases with time and finally reaches a limit. Creep is higher at higher temperatures and is about double at 70 °C (158 °F) that at 20 °C (68 °F). The effects of shrinkage can be reduced if construction joints are provided.

Concrete has a relatively high value of elastic modulus. For example, a concrete column of common proportions has only elastic deflections under load. Concrete may also be useful as a tie when it is required to limit the extension; the tie would normally be prestressed. Long term loads cause further slow deformations by creep and this effectively reduces the value of the elastic modulus of the concrete.

Notes:

elastic strain упругая деформация measure n. мера

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What causes dimensional changes of concrete?

2.What does a deformation cause in an elastic material?

3.What does elastic strain result in?

4.How does creep depend on temperature?

5.How can the effects of shrinkage be reduced?

6.Does concrete have a high or low value of elastic modulus?

7.When may concrete be useful as a tie?

8.What reduces the value of the elastic modulus of the concrete?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Найдитевтекстесложноподчинённыепредложения. Выделите в них главное и придаточное предложение.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные с помощью суффиксов -ion, -ment. От каких глаголов они образованы?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

joint, variation, limit, deflection, elastic modulus, extension, tie;

прилагательные и наречия:

long, term, completely, over time, successful, dimensional, double, common, elastic;

служебные слова и обороты: among, always, also, due to, only;

глаголы:

prestress, prevent, reach, continue, require.

б) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

reason – reasonable – reasonably vary – various – variation

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

CONCRETE

Part II

Concrete cannot be placed during very cold weather because freezing water will destroy a concrete which has set partly. An approximate limit is that no wet concrete, after it is placed in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5 °C or 40 °F. Even then insulation of the concrete will be necessary and the curing period, which is required to gain strength, will be long. In hot weather the problem during placement is to prevent a premature set and, after placement, in order to ensure a proper cure. The concrete must not dry out too fast because this may cause cracking.

One of the principal disadvantages of the use of cast-in-place concrete is the time that is required before the removal of the formwork. This period of time is necessary so as to allow the concrete to gain sufficient strength before it has to support itself; therefore the period before the removal of formwork must be longer for horizontal elements, such as beams and slabs, than for vertical elements, such as columns. Because of the cost of the formwork and in order to allow as rapid re-use as possible, cements which gain strength quickly are preferred by contractors. However, these cements produce such heat after they set that they may cause thermal cracking. In addition, the high temperature at which curing takes place leads to losses in the long term properties of the concrete. Slag cements and other low heat cements are better from this point of view. The formwork to beams and slabs is usually removed after a reasonable period of time but the props remain for a further period.

Typical minimum periods before removal of formwork for concrete with a surface temperature of 16 °C (60 °F) are from 9 hours to 15 days.

Notes:

freezing water замерзающая вода premature adj. преждевременный prop n. стойка

slag n. шлак

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why can’t concrete be placed during very cold weather?

2.What is the minimum temperature allowable for wet concrete?

3.What is the problem during placement of concrete in hot whether?

4.Why must concrete not dry out too fast?

5.What are the principal disadvantages of using cast-in-place concrete?

6.Why can’t formwork be quickly removed?

7.How does it influence the choice of cements?

8.What are the disadvantages of the cements which gain strength quickly?

9.What cements are better from this point of view?

10.What are typical minimum periods before removal of formwork?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

contractor, disadvantage, placement, slab, point of view;

прилагательные и наречия: partly, proper, principal, as … as …;

глаголы:

dry, destroy, prefer, ensure, set.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания –ed.

в) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

колонна; использование; положение; опалубка; цемент; прочность; стоимость; выдержкабетона(2); трещинообразование; балка; тепло; час; изоляция; потеря; укладка (бетона, арматуры); удаление; поверхность; подвижная бетонная смесь;

позволять; выдерживать; причинять, вызывать; производить; удалять; обеспечивать; накапливать; класть; предотвращать; приводить к; нуждаться в; оставаться; происходить;

холодный; окончательный; вертикальный; типичный, обычный; быстрый (2); необходимый; тепловой; горизонтальный; приемлемый; жаркий; достаточный; дальнейший, более долгий; возможный; долговременный;

слишком; от… до…; однако; такойкак; или; чем; из-за; такой; втечение; даже; до; для того чтобы (2); другой; поэтому; затем.

Упражнение3. Какиетермины, связанныесбетоном, егосоставом и разновидностями, а также со способами его изготовления, встречаются в текстах уроков 4–8(а)? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию as … as … .

1.The re-use of formwork should be as rapid as possible.

2.These measures can be not as successful as we considered.

3.Cast-in-place concrete is as strong as precast concrete.

4.After the initial set temperature and humidity conditions of the concrete are controlled as carefully as reasonable.

5.Resistance to rain and moisture is as an important property of building materials as their strength.

6.Scientific knowledge is as significant in construction as experience.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные, образованные

спомощью суффиксов -al, -able. Перечислите другие прилагательные

сэтими суффиксами, а также с суффиксом -ive, которые использованы в этом учебнике.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию глагола have.

1.Curing is often considered to be over after the concrete has gained a reasonable strength.

2.Concrete has low tensile strength.

3.Concrete has to be reinforced with steel.

4.Concrete has many characteristics that make it a constructional material.

5.These may replace up to about 70 % of the Portland cement which would have been required.

6.The builders had to use cast-in-place concrete because of the conditions of the site.

Упражнение 4. Выделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложноподчинённых предложениях. Переведите их.

1.Concrete cannot be placed during very cold weather because freezing water will destroy a concrete.

2.The curing period, which is required to gain strength, will be long.

3.Builders must know that the formwork is usually removed after a reasonable period of time.

4.Because of the cost of the formwork cements, which gain strength quickly, are preferred by contractors.

5.If it is not in the form of prestressed concrete, concrete has a low strength.

6.The tensile stresses concrete is subjected to require that it must be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.

1.If cracks appear under small overload, they usually will close when the load is removed.

2.If the pressure is enough, none of the beams will fall out.

3.If this concept were applied to a concrete beam in practice, steel tendons (напрягаемаяарматура) would be tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam.

4.If the tendons were given a small tension, they could lose nearly all the prestress in a few months.

5.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight.

6.If they change some details, they will be able to improve the design.

7.You would get good results if you applied this method of calculation.

Упражнение6. Вспомнитеилинайдитевсловареглаголы, откоторых образованы следующие существительные. Переведите их.

Текст B

PRECAST CONCRETE

A concrete structure may be constructed by casting the concrete in place on the site, by building it of elements cast in some other place or by a combination of the two. Concrete cast in other than its final place is called precast.

In contrast to cast-in-place concrete construction in which columns, beams, girders and slabs are cast and connected together by successive pours, precast concrete requires connections to tie the structure together. These connections can be a major construction problem.

Form costs are much less with precast concrete because the forms do not have to be supported. They may be set on the ground in a convenient position. In addition, a thin wall is difficult to concrete if it must be cast vertically because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form. Such a wall is easily precast on the ground.

Precast units can be standardized. Repeated use of forms and mass production techniques make the cost of construction lower. Furthermore, high quality can be maintained because of the control that can be kept on production under factory conditions. However, there is always the possibility that transportation, handling, and building up costs for the precast units will be high.

Notes:

contrast (in ~ to) в противоположность (чему-либо) handling n. обработка, обращение (с чем-либо) possibility n. возможность, вероятность

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How may a concrete structure be constructed?

2.What do we call “precast concrete”?

3.What are the advantages of precast concrete?

4.Why does the use of precast concrete reduce costs?

5.How can the use of precast concrete increase costs?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффиксов -al, -ive. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные спомощьюсуффикса-ion. Откакихглаголовониобразованы? Переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

quality, control, transportation, mass production technique, connection, ground, girder, top, place;

прилагательные и наречия:

successive, furthermore, thin, convenient, other than;

глаголы:

standardise, cast, maintain, tie, keep.

б) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

control (n.) – control (v.) set (n.) – set (v.)

tie (n.) – tie (v.)

Текст C

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Prestressed concrete is concrete with stresses applied to it before use so as to counteract stresses that will be produced by loads. Prestress is most effective with concrete, which is weak in tension, when the stresses which are applied are compressive. In order to produce compressive prestress a concrete member can be placed between two abutments, with jacks between its ends and the abutments, and pressure is applied with the jacks. The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires, that are called tendons, and to anchor them to the concrete; when they try to gain their initial length, the concrete

72

resists and is prestressed. The tendons may be stretched with jacks or by electrical heating.

Prestressed concrete is particularly useful for beams. It permits the use of steel at stresses several times larger than those permitted for reinforcing bars. Furthermore, it permits economical use of high-strength concrete, for when an engineer designs a member with reinforced concrete, he considers that all concrete below the neutral axis is in tension and cracked, and therefore ineffective, whereas the full cross section of a prestressed concrete beam is effective in bending.

A particularly desirable characteristic of prestressed concrete is that as long as the material is maintained in compression it cannot crack. If cracks appear under overload, they usually will close when the load is removed. Sometimes concrete is prestressed mostly in order to prevent cracking.

Basic principles. When you take a pile of books and apply pressure to the end pair not one of the books will fall out if the pressure is enough. The effect of compressive prestresses is much the same.

But if this concept were applied to a concrete beam in practice, steel tendons would be tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam. The prestress that would be achieved would result in a uniform compression at every section. Loads would produce both tensile and compressive stresses at the middle of the span. The prestress would combine with these. As the result the compression would be increased and the tension avoided. The whole concrete section would be resisting bending effectively, and there would be no cracks.

In practice, however, tendons are rarely placed along the centroidal axis. A smaller prestressing force is required, and therefore less steel for the tendons, if the steel is placed below the centroidal axis of the beam. With the eccentric prestress, stresses at each section of the unloaded beam may vary from tension at the top to compression at the bottom. When loads are applied to the beam, they produce both tensile and compressive stresses at the middle of the span. At the top of the beam they cause compressive stresses, which are reduced by the tensile prestress there. In other sections the tensile stresses produced by the loads are counteracted by the compressive prestress.

Notes:

centroidal axis центральная ось concept n. концепция, понятие

eccentric prestress внецентренное предварительное напряжение overload n. перегрузка

73

pile n. зд. стопка

tendon n. арматурный пучок unloaded adj. ненагруженный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is prestressed concrete?

2.How is concrete prestressed?

3.What is tendon?

4.Why is prestressed concrete particularly useful for beams?

5.How does the use of prestressed concrete influence cracking?

6.What would be the result if steel tendons were tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam?

7.Why are tendons rarely placed along the centroidal axis?

8.What is the influence of loads on a beam with the eccentric prestress?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которыеиспользованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найди их правильный перевод в списке В.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

METAL

Construction materials are used in large quantities and it is therefore important that the materials which are used are cheap. Although bulk costs of metal are higher than those of most other building materials, the costs of iron and steel, and aluminium to a much lesser extent, are still reasonable when they are compared to those of other metals and these metals have found wide application in building.

Structural carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry. These steels are cheap and convenient to use; the class

includes steels which have not more than 0.25 % carbon. There are several grades of structural carbon steel available. Those grades which have higher carbon contents are stronger. However steels which have higher carbon contents are, in general, more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

The important general characteristics of structural carbon steels and steel structures are as follows:

Steel has a high ratio of strength to weight that is combined with a low ratio of cost to strength, which accounts for the wide use of steel as roof beams.

Steel for construction purposes is produced in the form of straight or curved rolled sections of various cross-sectional shapes, or flat plate.

Although the use of high strength steel will often produce a lighter structure for the same design strength than one in a weaker material, the structure may suffer from excessive deflection or instability.

Steel loses strength and stiffness at high temperatures. At 480 °C (900 °F) steel keeps about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength. However the loss of stiffness is rapid above this temperature.

Notes:

bulk costs общие издержки carbon steel углеродистая сталь class n. класс, разряд, категория

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why is it important that the materials are cheap?

2.Which metals have found wide application in building?

3.What kind of steel is the best for construction?

4.What are the advantages of these steels?

5.Which steels does this class include?

6.How does the strength of steel depend on its carbon contents?

7.What are the disadvantages of steels with higher carbon contents?

8.Why is steel widely used for roof beams?

9.What can the use of high strength steel result in?

10.How does the strength and stiffness of steel depend on temperature?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

contents, industry, stiffness, aluminium, rolled section, instability, extent, grade, plate;

прилагательные и наречия: brittle, straight, cheap, flat;

глаголы:

curve, account (for), weld, suffer, find.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

балка покрытия; особенность; стоимость; применение; прогиб; железо; цель; соотношение; количество; строительные материалы; поперечный профиль; жёсткость; углеродистаясталь; прочность; использование; вес; проектная прочность;

производить; терять; сохранять; сочетать(ся); сравнивать; использовать;

чрезмерный; первоначальный; быстрый; имеющийся; удобный; приемлемый; лёгкий; различный; общий; несколько; дешёвый; важный;

следующий, какследуетниже; как, вкачестве; те; вцелом, обычно; выше; поэтому; эти; хотя; приблизительно, около; тот же, такой же; другой; всё же.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, характеризующие металлы: их типы, свойства и особенности. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов, которые встречаются вуроках 1–9. Укажите частьречи, которойявляетсяданноеслово, иегопроизводные. Переведитеихнарусскийязык. Знаете ли Вы другие производные этих слов, которые ещё не встречались в этом учебнике?

stable, long, heat, economy, bend, transport, standard, place.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласование времён в английском языке.

1.The experiments (эксперимент) showed that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility (вязкость).

2.The experiments show that high quality of a steel joint results both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

3.They promised (обещать) that the precast concrete units would be brought to the site tomorrow.

4.They promise that the precast concrete units will be brought to the site tomorrow.

5.The lecturer (лектор) said that many great buildings had been constructed on the basis of experience.

6.The lecturer says that many great buildings were constructed on the basis of experience.

7.The tests showed creep was about double at 70 °C than that at 20 °C.

8.The tests show creep is about double at 70 °C than that at 20 °C.

9.We were told that at 480 °C (900 °F) steel kept about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

10.We are told that at 480 °C (900 °F) steel keeps about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию слова оne.

1.A multi-storey building has a number of floors which are erected one above the other.

2.Structural carbon steel is the one most important for the construction industry.

3.One must know the qualities of building materials.

4.One of the simplest types of construction is the solid concrete slab.

5.The floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only.

6.In contrast to cast-in-place concrete construction precast one requires connections to tie the structure together.

7.When you take a pile of books and apply pressure to the end pair not one of the books will fall out if the pressure is enough.

8.These beams are too long, we need shorter ones.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания. Обратите внимание на прилагательные с суффиксами -ant/-ent.

sufficient strength, different properties, permanent stress, fire resistant, important characteristics, significant advantage, convenient conditions.

Упражнение 4. Переведите производные согласно схеме

прилагательное + -ness = существительное

useful – usefulness serious – seriousness weak – weakness