Taking a history

14. What are the main components of clinical examination?

• History of presenting complaint(HPC)

• History of present illness(HPI)

• Systemic enquiry (SE)

• Past medical history(PMH)

• Drug history(DH)

• Family history(FH)

• Social history(SH)

15. What systems are reviewed and why?

Systemic enquiry(SE) include: General, Cardiovascular system(CVS) Respiratory system(RS) Gastrointestinal system (GS) Genitourinary system (GUS) Central nervous system (CNS).It is make for taking the main symptoms of the major bodily system.

16. What information should be defined during taking a history of presenting complaints?

During taking a history the main symptoms should be clearly defined.The onset severity progression associated features or symptoms are all important.A special focus is also made on pains associated or not with specific organs.

Surgery

17. What is surgery?What does it deal with?

Surgery is one of the most important fields of health service.It is a branch of medicine which treats diseases injuries deformities malformations and other pathological conditions by methods which involve opening manipulating and repairing a part of the body.

18. What are the main controlling factors in surgery?Give their definitions.

The main controlling factors in surgery are anaesthesia and asepsis. Anaesthesia is used to avoid shock in a patient and to make him insensitive to pain.

Asepsis is a complex of measures used to prevent introduction of microorganisms into the wound from without.It means that everything which comes into contact with the wound must be germ-free i.e. sterile.

19. How is a patient prepared for an operation?

First of all he shouldn’t drink or eat anything for 12 hours before the operation to avoid complications with anaesthesia. A patient is often given an enema before the operation to empty the colon from wastes. The area to be operated is thoroughly cleaned shaved and painted with the solution of iodine. The patient is put on operation table covered with a sterilized cloth and administered narcosis. the doctor close the wound by sutures and dresses it with sterile gauze. afterwards the patient is under special care and attention.

20. What are the method of sterilization?

The methods of sterilization include boiling, low or high pressure steam sterilization and cold sterilization(applied to edged instruments that would be blunted by boiling.

21. What instruments and equipment are used during operation?

Surgery requires a large variety of specialized equipment. In addition to the special operating table, there are high0intensity lights and the anaesthesia machine. There are vacuum machines. The main instruments are scalpels forceps suture needles retractors and other instruments.

Medical emergencies

22. What is the primary aim of firs aid?Name its key points?

The primary aim of first aid is to avoid any risk to a person’s life or health which can posed by a medical emergency.The key aims of first aid can be summarized in 3 key “p” points: to preserve life, to prevent futher harm and to promote recovery.

23. What accidents can result in emergemcies?

Different natural and man-made disasters and such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, crowds traffic accident gas or nuclear explosions fire etc.

24. What is ABC of first aid?What is CPR?What are its aspects?

The ABC of the first aid refers to the assessment of person’s airways breathing and circulation(if the airway hasn’t become blocked if breathing hasn’t stopped and if the person isn’t in cardiac arrest)

The cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves 2 aspects.The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs.The second is heart massage – application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood out of it into the circulatory system.

25. What happens in shock?Describe the symptoms of shock.A condition which accompanies many medical emergencies is circulatory shock, commonly known simply as shock.It is a serious life-threatening medical condition in which the victim’s bodily tissues don’t receive an adequate supply of oxygen-containing blood.The essential signs of shock are seen as

• Tachycardia/tachypnoea

• Hypotension

• Poor organ perfusion(such as low urine output confusion or loss of consciousness)

• Nausea vomiting diarrhea

26. What is a first aid kit?What should it contain?What for?

A first aid kit includes the readily available medications and necessary equipment.Any first aid kit should contain sterile cotton wool, adhesive bandages and gauze pads for cleaning wounds.saline for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from the eyes, and antiseptic wipes or sprays to reduce the risk of infection in abrasions or around the wounds.Various simple micarions such as aspirin painkillers antihistamines activated charcoal emetics to induce vomiting tranquilizers smelling salts and other should be available.Some medications for topical applications antiseptic ointment fluid or spray iodine or brilliant green solution burn gel mild anesthetic and others.a more elaborate kit contains forceps disposable syringes and hypotermic needles a stethoscope for measuring the heartbeat or listening to the lungs a hemomanometer thacheotomy an suture kits and supplies of dextrose plasma and saline colutions.

27. How to help a victim in case of poisoning and bleeding?

If the person swallowed the poisonous substance he must be taken the antidote for each substance .In some cases the victim be forced to vomit or even gastric lavage.

Injuries

28. What is trauma?What can it result in?

Trauma is a physical wound or injury, such as a fracture or blow.Major trauma can result in secondary complications such as circulatory shock, respiratory failure and death.

29. What is a classification of fractures?Give Their definitions.

A bone may be broken or fractured in variety of ways.In a simple or closed fracture, the bone fragments don’t pierce the skin.If the bone ends come through the skin, the break is known as a compound or open fracture.Comminuted fracture is an injury in which the bone has broken into a number of pierces.

30. What is a sprain and strain?What is the first aid for a fracture?

A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibres tear as a result of overstretching.A sprain is a more serious injury of a joint caused by a forcible twisting, with damage to the surrounding blood vessels, nerves and mainly ligaments.It is best not to test it by pressing or moving, but to put a temporary splint until medical attention is available.Anything which will keep the area stiff, such as a wooden stick or rolled newspapers can be used for a splint.Pain management and immobilization of the damaged area or the whole victim are also recommended.

31. What are abrasions? Are they considered to be dangerous injuries and why?

An abrasion as the scraping of the skin surface. Most of them heal on their own without treatment.