A joks The more we study, the more we know.

The more we know, the more we forget.

The more we forget, the less we know.

The less we know, the less we forget.

The less we forget, the more we know.

So we study?

* * *

How did they do without oxygen?

Professor: Oxygen is essential to all animal existence. There could be no life without it. I was

discovered only a century ago.

Student: But what did they do before it was discovered?

* * *

A bright girl

Teacher: If there were four flies on the table, and I killed one how many would be left?

Little bright girl: One the dead one.

fly - муха

bright – смышленый

УРОК 8

Грамматика: 1. Инфинитив

2. «Цепочки» существительных.

Текст Transportation of Oil and Gas. Oil and Pipelines

I. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:

[ ] – typical, system, business, below, similar

[ ] – stream, clear, steel, even, heater, treat

[ ] – operating, gathering, pumping, trunk, desalting, processing

[ ] – carbon, rather, plant

[ ] – generally, storage, range, large

[ ] – distribution, producing, suitable

2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:

transport [ ], diameter [ ], processing

[ ], suitable [ ], hydrocarbon [ ],

residence [ ], powerful [ ], maintain

[ .].

3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетание:

transportation [ ] – транспортировка, транспорт

pipeline [ ] – трубопровод

rail transport [ ] – ж/д транспорт

tanker [ ] – танкер

distribution [ ] – распределение

distribute [ ] – распределять

gathering pipeline [ ] – сборный трубопровод

trunk pipeline [ ] – магистральный трубопровод

flow line [ ] – выкидная линия

connect [ ] – соединять, связывать

treating plant [ ] – установка для очистки

storage plant [ ] – установка для хранения

large (small) diameter [ ] – с большим (малым) диаметром

long-distance [ ] – длинный

refinery [ ] – нефтеперерабатывающий завод

gas transmission line [ ] – газовый трубопровод

commercial [ ] - промышленный, торговый

residential [ ] – жилой

weld [ ] – сваривать

tank battery [ ] – резервуарный парк

separator [ ] – сепаратор

acid [ ] – кислота

hydrogen sulfide [ ] – сероводород

carbon dioxide [ ] – углекислый газ

surface [ ] – поверхность

home heating oil [ ] – мазут

link [ ] – звено

chain [ ] - цепь

storage tank farm [ ] – хранилище

operating pressure [ ] - рабочее давление

terminal [ ] – терминал

pump [ ] – насос, качать

pumping station [ ] – насосная станция

Примечания к тексту:

psi /pounds par square inch/ - фунты на кв. дюйм

2 in. – 2 inches = 2 дюйма

4. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:

1) refinery 1) а не

2) gas gathering pipelines 2) размеры газопровода

3) operating conditions 3) резервуар для хранения нефтепродукта

4) crude trunk line 4) продуктивные площади

5) for sale 5) газосборные трубопроводы

6) gas pipeline sizes 6) эксплуатационные условия

7) in general 7) магистральный т/п по перекачке сырья

8) rather than 8) перерабатывающий завод

9) storage tank 9) на продажу

10) producing areas 10) в общем, вообще

5. Подберите к глаголам из списка А соответствующие существительные из списка В. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык:

A. 1. distribution of B. 1. a group

2. to fall into 2. natural gas

3. to be made of 3. corrosion

4. to bury below 4. steel

5. to cause 5. ground surface

6. to operate it 6. compressors

7. to be moved by 7. the field processing plant

8. to carry gas to 8. higher pressures

6. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:

transportation of oil and gas, among them, distribution of natural gas, large diameter, long-distance trunk line, producing area, for sale, because of, gas transmission pipeline system, below ground surface, up to, even more, rather than, higher than, at the beginning of the trunk line, to maintain high pressure.

7. Определить значение выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

transportationof oil andgas, transport, tanker, economical method,distributionofnatural gas, group, diameter, line, individual, central, system, distance, gas transmission line, commercial, residential, industrial, operate, typical, tank battery, contain, separator, accumulate, station, steel, section, conditions, corrosion, petrochemical industry, hydrogensulfide, carbondioxide, compressor,aviationgasoline, product.

8. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык:

transportation – transport, tank – tanker, economical – economics, method – methodical, connect – connection, center – central, product – production, nature – natural, general – generally, type – typically, separator – separate, power – powerful, differ – different, suit - suitable, move – movement, compress – compressor, differ – different – differential.

9.Переведите на русский язык:

а) следующие наречия с суффиксом – ly:

generally, typically, individually, similarly, differently, suitably, additionally.

б) следующие существительные с суффиксом – tion, -sstion:

transportation, distribution, procession, separation, operation, station, transmission, condition.

10. Определите значение слова «field» в контексте.

field – поле, месторождение, область (знаний, деятельности).

1. The students who specialize in geology receive practical training in prospecting parties, in mines and oil and gas fields.2. As is known mining and geological conditions of oil and gas fields in our country are different. 3. The scientists carry out researches in all fields of science. 4. Geology is not limited to prospecting for mineral. It embraces a far wider field. 5. Scientists and oil engineers carry out researches in the field of oil engineering as well.

11. Запомните:

Для научно-технической литературы на английском языке характерно употребление существительного с несколькими левыми определениями (так называемых «цепочек» существительного). Таких левых определений может быть несколько.

Перевод следует начинать с основного слова, а затем, идя справа налево, установить (путем вопросом) правильные смысловые отношения между словами, входящими в состав группы, и найти для них русские эквиваленты.

a satellite-carrying rocket

какая?  ракета

что?  несущая

спутник

Перевод следует отредактировать, расположив слова в порядке, свойственным русскому языку и стилю технической литературы. В приведенном примере окончательным вариантом перевода будет: ракета, выводящая на орбиту спутник, или ракета-носитель.

Переведите с английского языка на русский:

a control stability, a stability control, a weather satellite, a weather satellite system control, a weather satellite system control opportunity, a field plant, a tank battery.

12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на цепочку левых определения существительных:

1. The gas pipe system in the second zone functions well. 2. The institute conference programme includes many important problems to be discussed. 3. There is a side glass wall in the gas camera of the device. 4. Pipeline construction department students will have their practical training at pipeline construction sites. 5. While isotope power sources are more efficient than the electrochemical systems, they still have some limitations. 6. The chemical plant laboratories occupy a new building. 7. That modern plant machines the equipment for our oil industry. 8. These big are lamps light the streets of our new towns. 9. The participants gathered in a big institute conference hall to discuss modern trends in science.

13. Учитывая грамматические признаки, определите функцию слова «that» в следующих предложениях. Переведите их.

Помните, что если а) that занимает место левого определения оно является местоимением м означает «тот»:

Now attach that wire to the battery;

б) если that следует за существительным, а за ним сказуемое, оно является союзным словом и переводится «который»:

Chemistry is the science that deals with elements, their combinations;

в) если за that, которое следует за глаголом, идет подлежащее и сказуемое придаточного предложения, оно является союзом и переводится как «что»:

Man of stone age thought that the stars do not move;

г) если за местоимением that (those) следует правое определение, то that выступает заменителем ранее упомянутого существительного, на русский язык переводится с соответствующим существительных:

The resistance of copper is not so great as that of aluminium.

1. We know that any experiment must be done with great accuracy. 2. The walls of this container are not so thin as those of the receiving tank. 3. It is clear that problem cannot be solved with the help of old methods. 4. The industrial importance of that method is much greater than that of the method used earlier. 5. There is no problem more important for this series of experiments than that of keeping constant temperature of the product during the process. 6. I think that the research that is carried by them is to be finished this year. 7. The time of reaction was twice as that measured during the last experiment. 8. My friends interest in mechanics is as great as that in chemistry. 9. The days on Mars are longer that those on the Earth.10. The book that was received by me yesterday deals with the prospects of oil production during next two years.

14. Переведите сочетание слов, обращая внимание на значение предлогов:

of: the pressure of water, to speak of something, one of them;

to: to show to the students, to go to the factory, to turn to the right;

by: to operate by hand, to speak by telephone, by means of a battery, to sit by the window;

with: to illustrate with tables, to write with a pencil, to fill with water, to speak with our friends.

15. Определите, каким русским падежам эквивалентны английские существительные в сочетании с предлогами of, to, with, by. Предложения переведите.

1. Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students of a technical college. 2. He always comes to his work in time. 3. The students always try to make experiments with their own hands. 4. Sometimes they make experiments with the help of their professor’s assistants. 5. Mr. Smith tries to illustrate his lectures with numerous tables and figures. 6. By some experiments the lecturer illustrates the measurement of gas pressure.

16. Переведите предложения, обращая внимания на многозначность предлогов of, to, with, by.

1. Many pupils of our school think of space travels. One of the boys makes a model of a rocket of paper and wood with the help of the teacher. He spoke of his work.

2. At the lesson pupils listen to the teacher, give answers to the teacher in England, and put questions to each other. Let’s go to the blackboard. Come to the blackboard.

3. They met the news with great enthusiasm. He works with me. With the exception of some details the facts were alike. He sharpened his pencil with a pen-knife.

4. The article was translated by our student. He is standing by the window. Ill come by 6 o’clock. He went by train. The procession slowly passed by the monument.

14. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции инфинитива

(подлежащее, часть сказуемого, дополнение, определение, обстоятельство). Помните, что в начале предложения может стоять как подлежащее, так и обстоятельство цели (перевод начинаем со слова «чтобы»).

1. To group these elements is not easy. 2. To filter water solutions we usually use paper filters. 3. We must be in the library on time to prepare all the necessary materials today’s test. 4. To add acids to water is very dangerous. 5. Our aim is to become good specialists. 6. He is to study English to read special literature. 7. To prepare for the seminar students are to go to the town library. 8. To study the process is not a very difficult thing. 9. They began to write the composition. 10. The road to connect these towns crosses the tram line. 11. Symbols help us to deliver important information in short form. 12. Ivanov was the first student to solve the equation. 13. The text to read is very difficult. 14. To describe a substance means to name its properties.

18. Прочтите и переведите текст:

Transportation of Oil and Gas

Oil and Gas Pipelines

Transportation of oil and gas can be made by road and rail transport, tankers and pipelines. Among them pipelines have proved to be the most economical method for transportation of oil and distribution of natural gas.

Most oil and gas pipelines fail into one of three groups: gathering, trunk or distribution. Small diameter gathering pipelines within an oil or gas field are called flow lines. They connect individual oil or gas wells to central treating, storage or processing plants. Another gathering system made up of larger-diameter lines connects these field plants to the large-diameter, long-distance trunk line which moves oil from producing areas to large refineries for processing. Gas transmission lines carry natural gas from producing areas to city commercial, residential and industrial users.

Flow lines are generally small diameter pipelines operating at pressures below 100 psi. Typical flow-line diameters in the United States are from 2 in. to 4 in. The destination of most oil flow lines is a tank battery. A typical tank battery contains a separator to separate oil, gas, and water; a fired heater, metering, desalting and some other equipment.

The next link in the oil pipeline chain is gathering lines that transport oil from oil processing plant and tank battery to a large storage tank farm where it is accumulated for pumping into the long-distance crude trunk line.

These gathering lines typically consist of pipes ranging from 4 in. to 8 in. in diameter with operating pressure higher than that of flow lines> The size of the gathering line depends on the volume of crude to be moved, pipeline length and other factors.

From large central storage tank farm oil is moved through large-diameter long-distance trunk lines to large refineries or to other storage terminals. Powerful pumps are required at the beginning of the trunk line and pumping stations must also be placed along the pipeline to maintain high pressure. Crude trunk lines like field-gathering systems are made of steel with individual sections welded together. These lines are almost al ways buried below ground surface.

The purpose of gas gathering pipelines and transmission lines is similar to that of oil pipelines but operating conditions and equipment are quite different. Flow lines from individual wells carry gas to the field processing plant where the gas is treated to make it suitable for sale. Water and acid gases, hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide are removed from the gas stream because they can cause corrosion and other problems in long-distance pipelines. Hydrocarbon liquids are removed because of their value as individual products for petrochemical industry.

From field-processing plants, dry clean natural gas goes into the gas transmission pipeline system for movement to cities where it is distributed to individual businesses, factories and residences, In general, gas pipelines operate at higher pressures than oil lines and gas is moved by compressors rather than by pumps. Gas transmission pipelines are made of steel pipe and are buried below ground surface.

In addition to all these, pipelines help to transport different other petroleum products, such as gasoline, aviation gasoline, home heating oils and even several different products in the same pipeline.

Generally, oil and gas pipeline sizes vary from 2 in. to 60 in. in diameter. Typically, flow lines range from 2 in. to 6 in. in diameter; gathering systems consist of pipe from 4 in. to 12 in., and long-distance crude trunk lines and natural gas transmission lines can range up to 56 in. in diameter and even more.

19. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the most economical method for transportation of oil and distribution of natural gas? 2. What are the three groups of oil and gas pipelines? 3. What is the function of flow lines? 4. What are the typical flow line diameters in the US? 5. What does the size of the gathering line depend on? 6. Powerful pumps are required at the beginning of the trunk line, aren’t they? 7. What are crude trunk lines made of? 8. Where does dry clean natural gas go into from field processing plants? 9. Do oil lines or gas pipelines operate at higher pressures? 10. What are the possible variations of oil and gas pipeline sizes?

18. Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 19.

18. Запомните слова:

seabed – морское дно

oil field - нефтяной промысел

discovery – открытие

explorer – исследователь, разведчик недр

rock – скала, камень

mainland – материк

yield – давать (продукцию, нефть)

population – население

exceed – превосходить

block of flats – многоквартирный дом

pump – качать насосом

depth – глубина

surface – поверхность

deliver - доставлять

numerous – многочисленный

pipe –трубопровод

link – связывать, соединять

Прослушайте текст и ответьте на вопросы по его содержанию:

Oil from Caspian Seabed

“Neftyaniye kamni” is a big oil field in the open sea. Long before the discovery explorers found black underwater rocks covered with oil. From these comes the name of the oil field which means – “Oil Rocks”.

Neftyaniye kamni of today is a town over the open sea. The causeway linking it with the mainland is over 200 km. The oil field yields one-third of Azerbaijan oil.

The population exceeds five thousand. The construction of tall blocks of flats is

underway.

In the early days oil was pumped from areas where the depth of the sea was 7 metres. Now in certain places it is pumped from the seabed 40 metres below the surface.

Sea oil and gas are delivered to the shore through numerous underwater pipes.

1. What does the name of “Neftyaniye Kamni” mean? 2. How long is the causeway limking the town with the mainland? 3. How much oil does the field yield? 4. What is the depth of the sea in places where oil is pumped? 5. How are sea oil and gas delivered to the shore?

18. Выучите следующие диалоги в парах.

Dialogue 1

Reporter: What are you?

Engineer: I’m a mechanical engineer at a gas pipeline construction site.

R.: As I can judge, your speciality is very important now when the amount of extracted gas has increasedso greatly, isn’t it?

E.: Oh, yes, it is. You are right, gas transportation and storage is of great importance.

R.: What problems face you?

E.: To my mind the most urgent one is mechanization and automation of pipeline construction.

Dialogue 2

Student: Where do you work?

Engineer: I work at a bulk plant near Ufa. You see, while beign a student I was interested in oil storage. My graduation paper deals with this problem.

S.: I think it’s a very interesting problem !

E.: By the way, what are you?

S.: I’m a student of the Petroleum University. Now I specialize in pipeline designing and in a year I’ll be a petroleum engineer.

E.: Where will you work after graduating from the University?

S.: As a rule our specialists work at oil refineries or research institutes.

23. Английский юмор:

A good student

Professor: Can you tell me anything about the great scientists of the 17^th century?

Student: Yes, sir, they are all dead.

Урок 9

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES

Грамматика: 1. Пассивный залог.

2. Сложные формы герундия.

Текст: Petroleum products and their uses.

1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

[ ] – hydrocarbon, light, device, volatile, binder, besides, refine

[ ] – number, rubber, industrial, some, product, combustion, thus

[ ] – call, order, automobile

[ ] – fuel, used, residual, produce, purify

[ ] – range, jet, engine, subject

[ ] – project, corrosion, carbon, fraction, contain, viscous, fabric, mechanism,

chemical, accordingly, viscosity

[ ] – vaseline, medicine, furnace, base, processing, principal, electricity

2. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:

petroleum [ ], hydrocarbon [ ], molecular [ ], separate [ ], yield [ ], naphtha [ ], kerosene [ ], viscous [ ], residual [ ], internal [ ], combustion

[ ], engine [ ], solvent [ ], lubricant [ ], mechanism [ ], automobile [ ], industrial [ ], non-volatile [ ], furnace [ ], paraffin [ ], impregnate [ ], vaseline [ ], commercial [ ], protect [ ], ointment [ ].

3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

carbon [ ] – углерод

hydrocarbon [ ] – углеводород

molecular weight [ ] – молекулярный вес

boil – кипеть, кипятить

boiling point – точка кипения

yield [ ] – производить; давать (доход); приносить

naphtha [ ] – нафта, лигроин

light oil – легкий нефтепродукт

distill – очищать перегонкой; дистиллировать

residual oil [ ] – остаточная нефть

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

fuel [ ] – топливо; горючее

principal [ ] – главный, основной

grade – сорт, марка

petrol [ ] - бензин

respectively [ ] - соответственно

range [ ] – диапозон, пределы

solvent [ ] - растворитель

remove [ ] - удалять

greasy [ ] – жирный, сальный

stain – пятно

fabric – ткань, материя

jet aircraft – реактивные самолеты

lubricant [ ] – смазочный материал, смазка

for instance – например

viscosity [ ] - вязкость

accordingly [ ] – соответственно, поэтому, таким образом

non-volatile [ ] – нелетучий, неиспаряющийся

oil tar – гудрон

binder [ ] – связующее вещество

subject [ ] - подвергать

processing [ ] - переработка

furnace fuel [ ] – печное топливо

solid [ ] – твердый, твердое тело

wax - воск

impregnate [ ] - пропитывать

water-proof – влагоустойчивый, водонепроницаемый

commercial [ ] – торговый, промышленный, технический

goods – изделия, товары

purify [ ] - очищать

ointment [ ] – мазь

4. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:

mixture of hydrocarbons molecular weight boiling point ranging from … to … viscous black liquid internal combustion engine to use as a solvent to remove greasy stains different viscosity to divide into non-volatile mass to be subject to processing

двигатель внутреннего сгорания подразделяться на использовать в качестве растворителя смесь углеводородов различная вязкость нелетучая масса черная вязкая жидкость подвергнуться переработке удалять жирные пятна молекулярный вес точка кипения в пределах от … до …

5. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:

a mixture of hydrocarbons, boiling points, to yield petrol, carbon atoms, viscous black liquid, to boil within the 40-180 degrees C range, to use as a solvent, to serve as fuel, to distill from the residual oil, liquid furnace fuel, to make candles, to impregnate paper, in order to make smth, to grease metal goods.

6. Определите значение интернациональных слов:

different fractions, oil products, aviation petrol, motor fuel, kerosene is used as fuel for tractors and rockets, in the absence of electricity, diesel engines, distillation of residual oil, to lubricate different mechanisms, automobile oil, industrial lubricant, non-volatile dark mass, chemical processing, to produce petrol, paraffin wax, to use in medicine, that is known as vaseline, commercial vaseline, to protect from corrosion, as a base for smth.

7. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова:

boil – boiler – boiling; distill – distillation – distiller; contain – container; produce – production – producer; remove – remover; light – lightning – lighter; add – additional – addition; to differ – difference – different – differentiate – differently – differentiation; depend – dependable – dependency – dependent; refine – refined – refinement – refinery; protect – protection – protective – protector – protectionism.

8. Определите значение слова “process” в контексте.

1. Residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol. 2. All cracking processes produce a certain amount of light gas much of which is reactive. 3. Due to the progress made in this branch, it has become possible to study the processes connected with fission and fusion of the atomic nuclei, and to carry out such processes artificially.

9. Запомните:

В английском языке страдательный залог – the Passive Voice – образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II смыслового глагола.

Глагол в страдательном залоге в английском языке может переводиться на русский язык:

1. формой глагола в страдательном залоге: The letter was written. – Письмо было написано.

2. неопределенно-личным предложением: I was asked. – Меня спросили.

3. формой возвратных глаголов на -ся, -сь: Petrol is also used as a solvent. - Бензин также используется как растворитель.

Страдательный залог употребляется во всех временных формах Indefinite и Perfect (Present, Past, Future), но он имеет только две формы Continuous (Present и Past).

Indefinite Continuous Perfect

Present I am asked I am being asked I have been asked

Past I was asked I was being asked I had been asked

Future I shall be asked - I shall have been asked

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод страдательного залога:

1. When these oil products have been distilled off, there remains a viscous black liquid called residual oil. 2. Petrol is used as fuel for internal combustion engines; the principal two grades are aviation petrol and motor fuel, which are used for aircraft and motor cars respectively. 3. Petrol is also used as a solvent for oils and rubber. 4. Kerosene is used as fuel for tractors. 5. In the absence of electricity kerosene is used for lighting. 6. They are used to lubricate different engines. 7. Lubricants are thus divided into automobile oil, aircraft oiletc. 8. After the lubricants have been distilled off from the residual oil there remains a non-volatile dark mass called oil tar, which is used as a road binder. 9. Residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol and is used as a liquid furnace fuel. 10. From some grades of petroleum it is also possible to prepare a mixture of solid hydrocarbons, which is known as paraffin wax. 11. This is used to make candles. 12. There is also a mixture of liquid and solid hydrocarbons that is known as vaseline. 13. Commercial vaseline is used to grease metal goods. 14. Purified vaseline is used in medicine as a base for ointments.

10. Запомните:

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, образующаяся путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ing (read – читать, reading – чтение). В предложении герундий может быть подлежащим, дополнением, определением, обстоятельством, именной частью сказуемого. На русский язык герундий чаще всего переводится существительным или неопределенной формой глагол, а также деепричастием (в функции обстоятельства) или придаточным предложением. Герундий может употребляться с предлогом и перед ним могут стоять притяжательное местоимение и существительное в притяжательном падеже, которые в сочетании с герундием выражают не принадлежность, а лицо, которое выполняет действие, выраженное герундием.

Герундий имеет сложные формы:

Залог Active Passive

Время

Indefinite changing being changed

Perfect having changed having been changed

Сложные формы герундия переводятся придаточным предложением:

We know of his having read this book. – Мы знаем, что он прочел эту книгу.

We know of the book being read. – Мы знаем, что книгу читают.

We know of the book having been read. – Мы знаем, что книгу прочли.

Образуйте все возможные формы герундия от следующих глаголов:

to produce, to process, to use, to heat, to manufacture, to boil, to freeze, to experiment, to train.

11. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемых, выраженных глаголом в страдательном залоге:

1. Most of the physical quantities are related to length, time and mass, therefore all the systems of physical units are defined from these fundamental units. 2. It is planned to solve the world’s energy problem with the technological means at our disposal. 3. In the thirties some solar energy cycles were discovered. These cycles are based on nuclear fusion. 4. The technological process is so complicated that only the basic principle of its action will be outlined here. 5. Suitable fuels could be provided by heavy and superheavy hydrogen. 6. Another interesting effect was observed during the experiment. 7. The standard meter of the world was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. 8. Only small quantities of iron, copper and aluminum are used in the pure form. 9. A great majority of useful metallic materials is formed from combinations of the above metals, known as alloys (сплавы). 10. Metals are usually mixed in their liquid state to form an alloy. 11. Liquid fuels are largely used in industry and transport. 12. Plastics are a new material which is produced of chemicals. 13. Glass has some properties which have been recently discovered. 14. Since rubidium and cesium are easily ionized at rather low temperatures, they offer great potential. 15. Since ancient times, it has been known that silicous materials were suitable for glass-making. 16. The fats and oils are ethers (эфиры) of special class, as much as all are derived from glycerol. 17. Semiconductors (полупроводники)can be frozen, for all practical purposes, at room temperatures. 18. If the crystals are stored under pressure, they are forced into contact and may even be crushed. 19. Various items of crystallization equipment are divided into three main groups: cooling, evaporating and vacuumcrystallizers. 20. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. 21. Liquid fuels are derived from petroleum. 22. In general natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels.

12. Определите, в каких предложениях употреблена форма страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Geologists divided the rocks (породы)of the Earth’s crust (кора) into three main groups. Rock are divided into sedimentary (осадочный), igneous (изверженный) and metamorphic rocks. 2. Petrol is used as fuel. People used petrol as fuel for a long time. 3. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated (незатвердевших) mechanical sediments. They are formed by the destructive action of water and wind. 4. From some grades of petroleum it is possible to prepare paraffin wax. It is used to make candles and to impregnate paper.

13. Назовите, в каких предложениях употреблен герундий. Укажите определяющие его признаки. Переведите предложения.

1. Coke is formed in the process of heating certain grades of coal in the absence of air. 2. Geologists spent much time in trying to find oil in the region. 3. While freezing water increases in volume and develops enormous pressure. 4. We know of minerals being divided into rock-forming minerals and ores. 5. The training of oil engineers now takes place in proximity to industrial enterprises. 6. Besides being refined into lubricants, residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol. 7. It is difficult to understand the nature of fossils without studying their origin. 8. Using liquid fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control.

14. Образуйте герундий от глаголов, данных в скобках. Определите, каким членом предложения он является. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. (To extract) means the direct removal of useful minerals. 2. (To exploit) the deposit means the extraction of oil in it. 3. Many minerals undergo changes by (to take) water in their molecule. 4. The discovery of methods for (to produce) artificial rubber is of great importance to industry. 5. An alloy is capable of (to heat) to a very high temperature. 6. Before (to send) up the balloon was filled with a special gas. 7. Nuclear reaction releases tremendous amounts of energy without (to be) explosive. 8. We heard of experiment (to start) last week.

15. Прочтите и переведите текст: