The future of the engineering profession

Among various recent trends in the engineering pro­fession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards com­puterization. Computers are increasingly used for solv­ing complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern en­gineers must work with.

Scientific methods of engineering are applied in sev­eral fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineer­ing principles.

Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.

A related field of engineering, human-factors engi­neering, also known as ergonomics, received wide atten­tion in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nu­clear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment.

Human-factors engineering seeks to establish crite­ria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations.

1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineer­ing profession?

2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?

3. What approaches are used in modern engineering?

4. What is «ergonomics»?

5. What does human-factors engineering deal with?

24. Прослушайте диалоги и выучите их:

1

A: I say, Boris, have you any idea what bionics is?

B: I certainly have, it is the science that studies living creatures in order to find principles applicable to engineering.

A: Yes, nature does thing better than man.

B: But man has learned to improve on nature in many ways.

2

A: Boris, what do you know about bionics?

B: It is a comparatively new science that studies the mysteries of biological machinery. A bionic can copy a lot from nature.

A: As far as I know there is a close analogy between a biological organism and an electrical system.

B: You’re quite right, and I suppose the greatest advances in bionics will be electronic in nature.

A: I think so.

25. Английский юмор:

Technical Precision

A cat got into the pipeline system when it was drained. In the report the plumbing technician wrote in the graph “Type of Work”: “Called ‘kitty, kitty, kitty’ – 5 times minute.” In the graph “Time Consumed by Operation” he wrote: “60 minutes (5 minutes a minute – 300:5=60).”

Урок 14

GENERAL EVALUATION OF THE MARKET SITUATION

FOR EXPORT GAS PIPELINE CONSRUCTION

Грамматика: Субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

Текст: General Evaluation of the Market Situation for Export Gas Pipeline Construction.

1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:

[ ] – pipeline, liquefied, define, China, higher, Chinese, supplied, supplies, diameter, final, besides, supply, side

[ ] – construction, country, under, among, other, structure, uncovered, southern, fluctuate, studies, constructing, currently, another, shortcomings

[ ] – through, including, route

[ ] – resource, install, installment, fourth, all, seashore, north

[ ] – general, region, energy, Japanese, Japan, large, project, advantage

[ ] – about, south, amount, thousand, however

[ ] – field, heat, compete, even, sea, eastern, complete

[ ] – Pacific, province, additional, exist, capacity, built, similar, foreign

[ ] – evaluation, situation, use, newly, value, consumer, evaluate, volume, annually

2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая вникание на ударение:

general [ ], evaluation [ ], situation [ ], region [ ], balance [ ], energy [ ], resources [ ], developed [ ], however [ ], installation [ ],

basis [ ], liquefied [ ], natural [ ], prevalence [ ],

structure [ ], total [ ], reserve [ ], prospective [ ], evaluate [ ], value [ ], basic [ ], consumer [ ], electrical [ ], industry [ ], development [ ], additional [ ], volume [ ], annually [ ], demand [ ], exist [ ], territory [ ], capacity [ ], diameter [ ], suppose [ ], further

[ ], transportation [ ], elaborate [ ], advantage [ ], supply [ ], shortcoming [ ], competitive [ ], existence [ ], initial [ ].

3. Запомните произношение следующих слов:

Asian [ ], Pacific [ ], China [ ], Europe [ ], European [ ], Japanese [ ], Korean [ ], Chinese [ ], Korea [ ], Japan [ ], Malaysia [ ], Indonesia [ ], Australia [ ], Turkmenistan [ ], Uzbekistan [ ], Kazakhstan [ ], Afghanistan [ ], Sakhalin [ ], Oman [ ], Quatar [ ], New Guinea [ ].

4. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

general [ ] - общий; основной

evaluate [ ] - оценивать

evaluation [ ] -оценка

market [ ] - рынок

constrained [ ] - напряженный

install [ ] - устанавливать, проводить

installation [ ] – установка, проводка

to be under way - происходить, иметь место

mainly [ ] - главный образом

liquefied [ ] - сжиженный

favour [ ] - благоприятствовать

prevalence - преобладание

oil and gas bearing - нефтегазоносный

gas field - месторождение природного газа

prospect [ ] - делать изыскания, исследовать

prospective [ ] -будущий, ожидаемый, предпола­гаемый

development [ ] - разработка; развитие

define [ ] - определять

total [ ] - весь, общий, совокупный

compare [ ] - сравнивать

heat value - теплотворность; теплота сгорания

regard [ ] – рассматривать

consumer [ ] - потребитель

domestic [ ] – внутренний; отечественный

precondition [ ] - предпосылка

rate - темп

per annum - в год

annually [ ] - ежегодно

volume [ ] -объем

uncovered [ ] - необеспеченный, непокрытый

demand [ ] - спрос

price [ ] - цена

selling price - продажная цена

fluctuate [ ] - колебаться

expect [ ] - ожидать; рассчитывать; (пред)полагать

create [ ] - создавать

compete [ ] - конкурировать

competitive [ ] - конкурентоспособный

competitiveness [ ] - конкурентоспособность

currently [ ] - в настоящее время

supply [ ] - поставка, подача; поставлять, снабжать

cost - стоимость, себестоимость

even [ ] - выравнивать

flexible [ ] - гибкий

depend upon [ ] - зависеть от

extent [ ] - степень

capacity [ ] - пропускная способность

amount [ ] - составлять, достигать, равняться

route [ ] - трасса

suppose [ ] - предполагать, полагать, допускать, думать

complete [ ] - заканчивать, завершать

elaborate [ ] - детально разрабатывать

advantage [ ] - преимущество

shortcoming [ ] - недостаток

similar [ ] - подобный, сходный

besides [ ] - кроне того

exist [ ] - быть, существовать

existence [ ] - существование; наличие

initial [ ] – (перво)начальный

5. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:

constrained balance gas installation oil and gas bearing provinces heat value electrical power industry uncovered demand marketing studies in the near future to less extent 10) ) limits its competitiveness

1) электроэнергетика 2) в ближайшей будущем 3) непокрытый спрос 4) маркетинговые исследования. 5) напряженный баланс 6) нефтегазоносные провинции 7) газификация 8) в меньшей степени 9) ограничивает его конкурентоспособность 10) теплота сгорания

6. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:

general evaluation, to install gas, other developed regions, gas installation, is under way, liquefied natural gas, if compared, heat value, the natural gas domestic market, per annum, not less than, uncovered demand, marketing studies, the selling price, in the near future, to depend upon the distance, to less extent, gas pipeline construction project, through the territory, the volume of supplies, the final point, the total length of the route, gas supply, foreign markets.

7. Определите значение интернациональных слов:

market situation, Asian Pacific region, a constrained balance, energy resources, an intensive gas installation, on the basis, favouring factor, newly opened provinces, prospected oil and gas bearing structures, total reserves, basic prospective consumer, electrical power industry, imported gas, export gas pipeline, gas importer, gas exporter, competing project, gas transportation, compressor station, gas-liquefying complex, limit, initial large market.

8. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:

value - evaluate - evaluation; construct - constructor - construction; energy - energetic - energetics; source - resource -resourceful; install - installation; liquid - liquefy – liquefied - liquefiable - liquefaction; use - useful - useless - user; prospect - prospective - prospector; define - definable – definite - definitely - definiteness - definition - definitive -definitively; consume - consumable - consumer - consumption; domestic - domesticable - domesticate - domestication; electric(al) - electricity - electrify - electrification - elec­trician; add - addition - additional - additionally; exist -existence - existent - existential - existentialism -existentialist; complete - completely - completeness - completion; compete - competitive - competition - competitiveness -competitioner - competitor.

9. Определите значения слов, образованных от слова "prospect".

1. Prospecting is the search for mineral deposits that can be exploited. 2. About 80% of 53 prospected oil and gas bearing structures are defined as gas fields. 3. The total reserves of the natural gas of 53 prospective fields are evaluated at 1.5 trln m³ of oil. 4. In China regarded as the basic- prospective consumer of the Kovytkinskoye gas field, the prospected oil reserves are evaluated at 3.3 bln t.

10. Запомните:

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из: существительного (в общем падеже) + глагола- сказуемого + инфинитива или местоимения (в именительном падеже).

Перевод таких предложений начинается обычно со сказуемого, которое переводится глаголом в неопределенно-личной форме, за ним идет придаточное предложение с союзом «что», подлежащим которого является подлежащее английского предложения, а сказуемое соответствует инфинитиву английского предложения.

This method is known to be effective .

Известно, что этот метод эффективен.

The prices are expected to fall.

Ожидается, что цены упадут.

Предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом можно также переводить простым предложением, употребляя неопределенно-личный оборот как вводное предложение.

This scientist is known to speak many foreign languages.

Этот ученый, как известно, говорит на многих иностранных языках.

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется после определенных глаголов, а именно:

1. глаголов, употребляемых в страдательном залоге:

say (говорить), suppose (предполагать), expect (ожидать), assume (допускать), report (сообщать), consider (считать), prove (доказывать), find (обнаруживать), think (думать, считать), believe (полагать, считать), know (знать), state (заявлять, сообщать), announce (объявлять);

2. глаголов, употребляемых в действительном залоге:

seem, appear (казаться), turn out, prove (оказываться), happen (случаться);

3) глагола to be + прилагательного likely (вероятный), unlikely (маловероятный), sure (верный), certain (несомненный). Инфинитив имеет сложные формы:

залог Active Passive

время

Indefinite to change to be changed

Continuous to be changing -

Perfect to have changed to have been changed

Perfect Continuous to have been changing -

Indefinite Infinitive выражает действие, одновременное с действием сказуемого; Perfect Infinitive обозначает действие, которое предшествует действию сказуемого; Continuous Infinitive - действие, длительное и одновременное с действием сказуемого; Perfect Continuous Infinitive - действие, которое длилось в течение какого-то времени до начала действия сказуемого. Many new districts are known to have appeared in Moscow lately. - Известно, что много новых районов появилось в Москве за последнее время.

The water seems to be boiling. - Вода, кажется, кипит. He is said to have been appointed director of a big plant. - Говорят, что он назначен директором большого завода. The goods are reported to have been awaiting shipment for several days. - Сообщают, что товары ожидают отгрузки в течение нескольких дней.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

1. On the basis of marketing studies the selling price in the Chinese market is expected to be about 120 doll./1000 m³. 2. 40 compressor stations are planned to be built. 3. A gas-liquefying complex is supposed to be constructed at the final point of the pipeline for further transportation by tankers to the Japanese seaside.

11. Найдите субъектные инфинитивные обороты. Переведите предло­жения на русский язык.

a) 1. Polymers are said to be the dynamic part of industry, particularly plastics and fibers. 2. The discussion is expected to focus on four broad subjects: raw materials and world trade, food supplies and agriculture, prospecting, production and consumption of energy, and international financial and monetary problems. 3. He is said to be one of the best students at our faculty. 4. Light is proved to travel in straight lines. 5. The speed of light in free space is proved to be a measured constant. 6. They are believed to be working at this problem. 7. This reaction was not expected to start at lower temperatures. 8. Strength of materials is considered to be a difficult subject. 9. This factory is known to produce modern equipment for oil industry.

b) 1. The laser beam seems to have almost unlimited industrial possibilities. 2. These chemical changes prove to have been caused by heat. 3. Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time. 4. This property seems to refer to a limited number of materials. 5. The property appears to have been mentioned frequently in the past. 6. This phenomenon does not appear to have been studied. 7. The exhibition proved to be a success. 8. He proved to be a talented researcher.

c) 1. Development of pipelines here for refined oil is unlikely to go very far. 2. They are likely to be familiar with this phenomenon. 3. Great sums of money are likely to have been spent on the research work in this branch of science. 4. The success of the exhibition is likely to surpass all expectations. 5. He is sure to have done his best to find out the results. 6. The plane is sure to be the quickest means of transport. 7. He is certain to attend all lectures and seminars. 8. The letter is unlikely to reach him in time. 9. He is sure to display his great abilities for mathematics.

12. Замените придаточные предложения субъектным инфинитивным оборотом по образцу и переведите полученные предложения.

Model: It is said that he knows the subject well.

He is said to know the subject well.

Говорят, что он хорошо знает этот предмет.

1. It is believed that the expedition will return next Sunday. 2. It is supposed that the students have already submitted their term papers. 3. It is supposed that the coming conference is of great importance for our work. 4. It is likely that the meeting will take place tomorrow. 5. It seems to me that she is seriously ill. 6. It seems to me he was tired. 8. It is reported that great construction work is going on in their city. 8. It is known that these substances have the same properties.

13. Выскажите предположение с помощью глагола, указанного в скобках.

Model: The value increases (be likely).

The value is likely to increase.

1. These values are in good agreement with the experimental ones (consider). 2. This density changes with temperature (know). 3. The product contains two components (assume). 4. The distance is shown indirectly (expect). 5. The temperature is constant during this period of time (seem). 6. The route is reduced twice (appear). 7. The value is derived from the above equation (suppose).

14. Прочтите и переведите текст: