V. Answer the following questions.

1. What three main categories are pipe lines classified into?

2. What are gathering lines intended for?

3. Where is oil usually stored?

4. What kinds of oil storage tanks or reservoirs do you know?

5. What are they made of?

6. Why are Shukov’s works often referred to?

7. What is “looping”?

8. When is it resorted to?

VI. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Building a pipe line is not a simple engineering problem. 2. Laying has to be done with great precision. 3. Transporting oil was accomplished by pipe line. 4. Heating viscous oil resulted in increasing throughput capacity of the pipe line. 5. When West German firms refused to export large diameter tubes to the Soviet Union, the latter started producing them itself at the beginning of 1962. They proved to be not worse but better, than those manufactured by the West German firms. 6. The pipe line will be capable of transporting 40-50 million tons per year. 7. The welding process consists in joining two parts by fusing their surfaces together. 8. Difficulty is experienced in working with these materials. 9. There are many methods of laying underwater pipe lines. 10. The technique of welding has made great progress in recent years. 11. Pipe lines for transmitting petroleum are made of steel. 12. The capacity of pipe lines can be doubled by adding pump stations. 13. In designing a pipe line for the simultaneous handling of oil and gas, the initial and terminal pressures of normal operation must be known or assumed. 14. This process is carried out without preheating. 15. Without being subjected to special treatment, this material cannot be used for manufacturing pipes.

VII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the form and the voice of the Gerund.

1. This oil is so viscous that its being pumped for a great distance proves to be very difficult. 2. Our having pumped this heavy oil without heating was a great technical success. 3. Its having been pumped through the 8-inch diameter line was not only a success but a technical triumph. 4. We know of pipe lines being used for transporting both crude oil and its products. 5. We heard of West German firms having refused to export large-diameter tubes to the Soviet Union. 6. We know of the first pipe line in Russia having been built in 1878. 7. Industrial mechanization and automation besides being of economical importance has tremendous significance for the well-being of people as well.

VIII. Finish the following sentences using the Gerund.

Example: Oil pipe lines are structures intended for _________________________________________________________

транспортировки нефти из одного места в другое

(moving oil from one place to another)

1. Gathering lines are constructed for _____________________________________________

сбора нефти из всех скважин месторождения.

2. The engineers are investigating the possibilities of _________________________________

производства труб большого диаметра.

3. Storage tanks are designed for _________________________________________________

хранения нефти.

4. Engineers increase the delivery capacity of pipe line by _____________________________

увеличением диаметра труб.

5. Many factors must be taken into consideration in __________________________________

конструировании трубопроводов.

6. The pipe line was constructed ahead of time due to ________________________________

использованию современной техники.

7. Within recent years pipe lines have been constructed without ________________________

использования муфт (collars) и винтовых соединений.

8. Now the transportation of oil is accomplished without ______________________________

подогрева нефти.

9. The greatest difficulty is experienced in __________________________________________

получении коррозийно-устойчивого материала.

10. We increase the resistance of metals by _________________________________________

повышением их температуры.

11. We protect a pipe from corrosive effects by ______________________________________

покрывая её изоляционным материалом.