- •Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology
- •Гродно 2005
- •Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов лечебного, педиатрического и медико-психологического факультетов медицинских вузов, изучающих дисциплину «Латинский язык и основы медицинской терминологии» на английском языке.
- •I. ROMAN ALPHABET
- •Letter
- •II. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs
- •III. Pronunciation of consonants and digraphs
- •IV. Pronunciation of letter combinations
- •V. EXERCIsES
- •I. Division of words into syllables
- •II. The main rules for the position of an accent in Latin.
- •Rules
- •English
- •Nominative
- •Latin
- •Learn components of medicinal plants
- •Learn names of medicinal plants
- •Learn drug names:
- •before meals
- •as needed
- •every 3 hours
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of acids:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •III. Graphically signed stress
- •IV. ACCENT IN WORDS OF GREEK ORIGIN
- •V. Exercises
- •I. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
- •II. STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS
- •III. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN
- •GENDER
- •NUMBER
- •CASE
- •IV. DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN
- •V. DECLENSION
- •First declension
- •Third declension
- •Fourth declension
- •Fifth declension
- •VI. STEM OF NOUNS
- •VII. Exercises
- •VIII. VOCABULARY
- •I. INTRODUCTION
- •IV. The 2nd group adjectives of one form for all genders
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. INTRODUCTION: DEGREES OF COMPARISON
- •II. The comparative degree
- •III. The superlative degree
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. PARTICULARITIES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
- •II. STEM OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •III. ENDINGS OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •IV. Exceptions to the rule of the masculine third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •V. LATIN MUSCLE NAMES
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. ENDINGS OF FEMININE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •II. Exceptions to the rule of the FEMININE third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •III. Exercises
- •I. ENDINGS OF NEUTER THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •II. Exceptions to the rule of the NEUTER third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •III. Exercises
- •I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominative plural
- •IV. Exercises
- •V. VOCABULARY
- •I. Nouns and adjectives endings in GENITIVE plural
- •II. Particularities of the Genitive plural formation in the 3rd declension.
- •IV. VOCABULARY
- •I. ROLE OF PREFIXION IN THE FORMATION OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
- •II. LATIN AND GREEK PREFIXES USED IN THE ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
- •IV. VOCABULARY
- •II. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •LESSON 5
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •Tetracyclīnum, i n
- •Writing good prescriptions
- •VI. Greek & Latin-English Clinical Dictionary
- •V. Latin-English Pharmaceutical Dictionary
- •VI. English-Latin Pharmaceutical Dictionary
- •VIII. Sample of the Examination Card
- •Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology
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3. |
- o |
- ōnis |
pulmo, pulmōnis m - lung |
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- ĭnis |
homo, homĭnis m – man |
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4. |
- er |
- ris |
venter, ventris m – belly of a muscle |
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- ēris |
trochanter, trochantēris m - trochanter |
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5. |
- ex |
- ĭcis |
cortex, cortĭcis m - cortex |
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6. |
- es |
- ědis |
pes, pedis m - foot |
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- ētis |
parĭes, pariētis m - wall |
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IV. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE MASCULINE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS ENDINGS
The following nouns having masculine endings are feminine:
a.arbor, ōris f – tree (arbor vitae cerebelli – medullary body of vermis)
b.gaster, tris f (Greek) - stomach;
c.mater, tris f – cerebral coat
•pia mater - pia mater of brain
•dura mater - dura mater of brain
Attention!!! - In these terms the noun «mater» follows an adjective.
The following nouns having masculine endings are neuter:
a.cor, cordis n - heart;
b.os, ossis n - bone;
c.os, oris n - mouth;
d.tuber, ĕris n - tuber.
V. LATIN MUSCLE NAMES
The Latin muscle names are composed of two elements: 1) the first element is the noun «muscle» - «muscŭlus»;
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2) the second element is a masculine noun ending in –or (-ōris) or –er (-
ēris).
E.g.: muscŭlus flexor – flexor muscle
In the Latin Anatomical Nomenclature all the muscle names are masculine third declension nouns ending in:
-or, ōris m (e.g.: rotātor, ōris m);
-er, ēris m (e.g.: massēter, ēris m).
The Latin muscle names are usually translated into English without a word “muscle”, cf.:
•muscŭlus massēter - chewer;
•muscŭlus levātor – elevator etc.
Most of the muscle names are not translated but transliterated, i.e. reproduced with the Latin letters:
E.g.: muscŭlus pronātor – pronator.
Word order in the Latin muscle names:
1)word muscŭlus in Nominative;
2)name of the muscle – a masculine noun in Nominative ending in –or (-ōris) or –er (-ēris).
3)any other noun is in Genitive;
4)adjectives are placed at the end of the term.
E.g.:
1 |
2 |
3 |
Final position |
Muscŭlus |
constrictor |
pharyngis |
medius |
Muscŭlus |
tensor |
fasciae |
latae |
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VI. EXERCISES
1. Make up grammatical agreement of the adjectives with the given nouns:
1)tuber (frontālis, e; parietālis, e; major, jus; minor, us)
2)pulmo (dexter, tra, trum; sinister, tra, trum)
3)mater (pius, a, um; durus, a, um)
4)venter (posterior, ius; frontālis, e)
5)os (nasālis, e; hyoiděus, a, um; frontālis, e; parietālis, e)
6)paries (laterālis, e; jugulāris, e; anterior, ius; tympanĭcus, a, um)
2. Translate into Latin:
1)tensor muscle of tympanic membrane
2)inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx
3)elevator muscle of scapula
4)rotator muscle of neck
5)elevator muscle of thyroid gland
6)depressor muscle of lower lip
3. Translate into Latin:
cortex of cerebellum, cortex of brain, cortex of lymphatic node, small (great) trochanter, heart apex, left (right) lung, sublingual bone, first chamber of the heart (atrium), dura mater of brain, frontal tuber, sulcus of vomer, medial surface of lung, floor of tympanic cavity, wedge-shaped bone, membranous wall of trachea, frontal wall of stomach, small horn of sublingual bone, zygomatic process of temporal bone, ethmoidal sulcus of nasal bone, notch of heart apex.
1. |
apex, ĭcis m |
apex, top, tip |
2. |
atrĭum, i n |
first chamber of the heart (atrium) |
3. |
cardiăcus, a, um |
cardiac |
4. |
cerebellum, i n |
cerebellum |
5. |
cerěbrum, i n |
brain |
6. |
cochleāris, e |
cochlear |
7. |
cor, cordis n |
heart |
8. |
cortex, ĭcis m |
cortex |
9. |
durus, a, um |
hard, solid |
10. encephălon, i n |
brain |
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11. fissūra, ae f |
fissure, narrow slit |
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12. gaster, tris f |
stomach |
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13. labĭum, i n |
lip |
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14. mater, tris f |
membrane of brain or spinal cord |
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15. membrāna, ae f |
membrane |
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16. membranacěus, a, um |
membranous |
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17. os, oris n |
mouth |
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18. parietālis, e |
parietal |
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19. parĭes, ētis m |
wall |
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20. pharynx, ýngis m |
pharynx |
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soft |
VII. VOCABULARY |
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21. pius, a, um
22. pulmo, ōnis m
lung
23. pulmonālis, e
pulmonary
24. spinōsus, a, um
spinous
25. tympanĭcus, a, um
tympanic
26. trochanter, ēris m
trochanter
27. vomer, ěris m
vomer
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Names of muscles: |
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1. |
Muscŭlus constrictor |
constrictor (muscle) |
2. |
Muscŭlus depressor |
depressor (muscle) |
3. |
Muscŭlus levātor |
elevator (muscle) |
4. |
Muscŭlus rotātor |
rotator (muscle) |
5. |
Muscŭlus tensor |
tensor (muscle) |