- •Chapter II mechanical tools
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences, observing different meanings of the words and word combinations given in italics:
- •VIII. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •IX. Using the following words and word combinations describe the drawing shown in Fig. 2:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •II. Supply the missing words:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using the infinitive instead of the attributive clauses:
- •IV. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •V. Giving the answers to the following questions describe the principle of operation of pliers, bench-shears, and alligator shears and pipe-cutter shown in Figs 4, 5, 7, and 8:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VI. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •VII. Giving answers to the following questions describe Fig. 9:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •II. Translate the following groups of words, paying attention to the meaning of suffixes:
- •III. Supply synonyms for the following words:
- •V. Translate the following sentences observing different meanings of the words in italics:
- •VI. (a) Translate the following text using a dictionary:
- •VII. Using the following words and word combinations describe the principle of operation of the vernier calipers shown in Fig. 13:
- •VIII. Giving answers to the following questions describe the principle of operation of the micrometer shown in Fig. 14:
- •IX. Describe the measuring tools shown in Figs 15, 16, and 18.
- •6. Machine-cutting tools
- •II. Use these verbs in the past participle form and make up word-combinations using past participles as attributes:
- •III. Underline the suffixes and prefixes and translate into Russian the following group of words of the same stem:
- •IV. Choose synonymical groups out of the following list:
- •V. Change the following sentences, using the subordinate clause instead of participle phrases. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English using different ways of expressing obligation:
- •VIII. Give different meanings of the words, give some examples of their use.
- •IX. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •X. (a) Read and translate the following text without using a dictionary:
- •7. Drills and rilling
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •II. Retell the text giving answers to the following questions:
- •III. Form adverbs from the following adjectives:
- •IV. Underline the suffixes and prefixes and translate into Russian the following groups of words of the same stem:
- •V. Supply the missing words:
- •VI. Connect the following sentences using the conjunction either... Or:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English using the past participle instead of the attributive clauses:
- •VIII. Analyse and translate the following sentences:
- •IX. Describe Fig. 22 orally using the following words and word combinations:
- •8. Threading tools
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •II. Retell the text giving answers to the following questions:
- •III. Supply synonyms for the following words:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Connect the following sentences using participle constructions and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •VIII. Giving answers to the following questions describe the construction and principle of operation of the centre shown in Fig. 26:
- •IX. Describe the construction of the running centre shown in Fig. 27.
- •10. Holding work in a chuck
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Giving answers to the following questions describe the jaw chuck shown in Fig. 28 and its principle of operation:
- •VIII. Using the following words and word combinations describe the construction and principle of operation of the concentric chuck shown in Fig. 29:
- •IX. Describe the construction and principle of operation of the contracting chuck shown in Fig. 30.
- •11. Holding work in a vice
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. (a) Read and translate the text without using a dictionary:
- •VII. Using the following words and word combinations describe the principle of operation of the swivel vices shown in Fig. 31:
VIII. Give different meanings of the words, give some examples of their use.
proper, to make, one, for, above, more, that.
IX. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
1. On solid tools it is necessary to grind the top rake in the tool. 2. To turn cast-iron it is necessary to set the tool above centre. 3. The tool is ground with the slide clearance to prevent the dragging of the tool on the shoulder formed by the cut. 4. If the surface of the work being machined is too great, the cutting edge will be worn too rapidly. 5. Roughing tools are applied for roughing or removing excessive metal from the work. 6. To prevent the breakage of the cutting edge of a necking tool, the height of the head is made several times larger than the width of the cutting edge.
X. (a) Read and translate the following text without using a dictionary:
Lathe tools are made of carbon steel, high speed steel and alloys such as stellite and cemented carbide. The stellite and cemented carbide tools are becoming more generally used as their cost is reduced. There are but few carbon steel tools used,1 the general practice is to use high-speed tool bits in holders. One should determine the kind of tool to be ground, as carbon and high-speed steel require different treatment. Tools should be marked to show the kind of material from which they are made. To ensure the proper operation of a lathe the cutting tools should be ground by hand or machine. In machine grinding the tool is supported rigidly in a chuck or holder and ground semi-automatically to the desired rake and relief or clearance angles. In grinding by hand, the tool should be supported on the work rest and moved back and forth across the entire face of the grinding wheel. The accuracy of a tool ground by hand depends almost entirely on the skill of the operator.
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1. there are but few carbon steel tools used — применяются лишь немногие резцы из углеродистой стали
(b) Answer the following questions:
1. What steel are lathe tools made of? 2. Why should one determine the kind of tool to be ground? 3. How should the cutting tools be ground to ensure the proper operation of a lathe?
XI. Giving answers to the following questions describe the construction of the cutting tool in Fig. 19 and the angles to which a cutting tool shown in Fig. 20 should be ground, and clamping the tool in a tool holder in Fig. 21:
1. What parts does a cutting tool consist of? 2. What is the synonym for the word "cutting edge"? 3. By what means can the cutting tip of a tool be ground? 4. What do the shape of a tool as well as its rake and clearance angles depend upon? 5. How can the top rake be varied? 6. What does the top rake depend on? 7. How does the side rake vary for soft material and for steel? 8. What does the front clearance depend on? 9. What action would be performed by the tool if it were ground square without any front clearance? 10. Why is the tool ground with a side clearance? 11. How should the tool be clamped in the tool holder before starting the cutting operation?