- •Chapter II mechanical tools
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences, observing different meanings of the words and word combinations given in italics:
- •VIII. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •IX. Using the following words and word combinations describe the drawing shown in Fig. 2:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •II. Supply the missing words:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using the infinitive instead of the attributive clauses:
- •IV. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •V. Giving the answers to the following questions describe the principle of operation of pliers, bench-shears, and alligator shears and pipe-cutter shown in Figs 4, 5, 7, and 8:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VI. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •VII. Giving answers to the following questions describe Fig. 9:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •II. Translate the following groups of words, paying attention to the meaning of suffixes:
- •III. Supply synonyms for the following words:
- •V. Translate the following sentences observing different meanings of the words in italics:
- •VI. (a) Translate the following text using a dictionary:
- •VII. Using the following words and word combinations describe the principle of operation of the vernier calipers shown in Fig. 13:
- •VIII. Giving answers to the following questions describe the principle of operation of the micrometer shown in Fig. 14:
- •IX. Describe the measuring tools shown in Figs 15, 16, and 18.
- •6. Machine-cutting tools
- •II. Use these verbs in the past participle form and make up word-combinations using past participles as attributes:
- •III. Underline the suffixes and prefixes and translate into Russian the following group of words of the same stem:
- •IV. Choose synonymical groups out of the following list:
- •V. Change the following sentences, using the subordinate clause instead of participle phrases. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English using different ways of expressing obligation:
- •VIII. Give different meanings of the words, give some examples of their use.
- •IX. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
- •X. (a) Read and translate the following text without using a dictionary:
- •7. Drills and rilling
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •II. Retell the text giving answers to the following questions:
- •III. Form adverbs from the following adjectives:
- •IV. Underline the suffixes and prefixes and translate into Russian the following groups of words of the same stem:
- •V. Supply the missing words:
- •VI. Connect the following sentences using the conjunction either... Or:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English using the past participle instead of the attributive clauses:
- •VIII. Analyse and translate the following sentences:
- •IX. Describe Fig. 22 orally using the following words and word combinations:
- •8. Threading tools
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •II. Retell the text giving answers to the following questions:
- •III. Supply synonyms for the following words:
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Connect the following sentences using participle constructions and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •VIII. Giving answers to the following questions describe the construction and principle of operation of the centre shown in Fig. 26:
- •IX. Describe the construction of the running centre shown in Fig. 27.
- •10. Holding work in a chuck
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VII. Giving answers to the following questions describe the jaw chuck shown in Fig. 28 and its principle of operation:
- •VIII. Using the following words and word combinations describe the construction and principle of operation of the concentric chuck shown in Fig. 29:
- •IX. Describe the construction and principle of operation of the contracting chuck shown in Fig. 30.
- •11. Holding work in a vice
- •I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. (a) Read and translate the text without using a dictionary:
- •VII. Using the following words and word combinations describe the principle of operation of the swivel vices shown in Fig. 31:
VII. Translate the following sentences, observing different meanings of the words and word combinations given in italics:
1. There are different means of chipping stocks.2. Chipping is performed by means of such instruments as a chisel and a hammer. 3. It means that you have to remove some more metal from the workpiece. 4. By no means should this chisel be used for this workpiece. 5. A chisel must by all means he applied for removing some metal from the work-piece.
VIII. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:
1. The workpiece to be tooled is fixed during the chipping process in the bench vice. 2. A chisel is a tool made of very hard steel. 3. A chisel has a cutting edge at one end of the blade. 4. The cutting edge of a chisel is wedge-shaped. 5. The angle between the two edges of the tool in the plane of the true rake is called the "lip angle".
IX. Using the following words and word combinations describe the drawing shown in Fig. 2:
a chisel, to be a tool of very hard steel, to have a cutting edge, to be wedge-shaped, to be under the effect of an external force, to cut into metal, the work of the wedge, to depend on the cutting angle, to be sharpened to an acute angle, to provide the best cutting conditions.
METAL-CUTTING AND LOCKSMITH'S CUTTING TOOLS
Metal cutting differs from chipping in substituting impact stresses by pressing forces in this operation. Cutting is used for separating some part from a piece of metal as well as to cut angles, grooves and pipes. Depending upon the shape and size of workpieces cutting is done by means of different cutting tools such as pliers, bench-shears, alligator shears, hack saws and pipe-cutters made of carbon steel.
Fig. 4. Pliers: 1 – cutting jaw; 2 – handle
Pliers, or wire-cutters (Fig. 4) are used for cutting thin wire. Pliers consist of two cutting jaws and two handles. A piece of wire is placed between the cutting jaws and the wire is cut by exerting pressure on the handles of the pliers.
Fig. 5. Bench-Shears:
1— shear blade; 2 — handle
Bench shears are made of steel. Lateral surfaces of shear blades are hardened, sharpened and ground.
Bench-shears (Fig. 5) are provided with two handles one of which is at a right angle to the other and fixed on a bench. The length of the handle is 400-800 mm, while that of the cutting part is 100-300 mm. The material is cut by pressing on one of the handles.
Fig. 6 Hack Saw
1 — frame: 2 — toothed blade
A hack saw (Fig. 6) is used for cutting thick metal sheets, bars, round-shaped material, etc. The hack saw consists of a frame and a long toothed blade made of tool carbon steel. The teeth on the blade are hardened. The blades with different pitches have different applications, the pitch of the blade depending on the material to be sawed. The thinner the material to be handled, the finer must be
the pitch of the blade used for sawing this material, and vice versa.
Fig. 7. Alligator Shears:
1 — bed; 2 — bedplate; 3 — arm; 4 — cutting blade; 5 — electromotor; 6 — machine vice
Fig. 7 shows alligator shears which is a heavy duty machine for cutting materials of large sections such as pipes, beams, auto frames, axles and different types of industrial scrap. The alligator shears consist of cast iron bed 1 and bedplate 2. Arm 3 is mounted on the bedplate. Cutting blade 4 is fixed within the arm. Electromotor 5 imparts reciprocating motion to the arm and the, blade. The workpiece to be cut is clamped in machine vice 6.
Special pipe-cutters (Fig. 8) serve for cutting pipes. The pipe-cutter consists of body 1, handle 4, and three steel cutting rollers. Two rollers 2 installed on the fixed axles of the body and roller 3 installed on the axle of the handle may revolve and cut a pipe fixed in a special pipe fixture. For this purpose the pipe-cutter is turned round the pipe to be cut, pressing the cutting rollers against its surface.
Fig. 8. Pipe-Cutters:
1- body; 2 – rollers; 3 – roller; 4 - handle
Exercises