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II. Use these verbs in the past participle form and make up word-combinations using past participles as attributes:

to grind, to turn, to form, to cut, to temper, to harden, to provide

III. Underline the suffixes and prefixes and translate into Russian the following group of words of the same stem:

  • to adjust, adjustable, adjusting, adjustment;

  • to continue, continual, continuance, continuation, discontinuation, discontinuance, to discontinue;

  • to divide, divided, division, divisional, divisor, to subdivide, subdivisible, subdivision

IV. Choose synonymical groups out of the following list:

to sharpen, to undergo, to understand, precise, accuracy, to realize, to complete, to start, to subject, to finish, to begin, accurate, to clamp, precision, to squeeze, to grind

V. Change the following sentences, using the subordinate clause instead of participle phrases. Translate the sen­tences into Russian:

Example: Cutting tools used for various metal-cutting operations have quite a wide range of shapes.

Cutting tools which are used for various metal cutting operations have quite a wide range of shapes.

1. The number and types of cutting tools used in practice are very large. 2. Tools designed to take heavy roughing cuts are known as roughing tools. 3. Milling cutters have several cutting edges giving the cutter the advantage of cutting. 4. Each blade of the milling cutter is a single-point cutter provided with proper rake and clearance angles. 5. The cutting angle is determined by the physical characteristics of the material being machined. 6. A high cutting speed, a small chip thickness and a large rake angle are factors facilitating the flow of the chip over the face of the tool. 7. Different kinds of cutting tools are used for metal cutting processes depending upon the kind of metal being cut. 8. The elements of a single-point tool used for turning operations are shown in Fig. 20.

VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. The distance that the tool is set into the work for cutting operations is referred to as the depth of cut. 2. Metals may be so strong that it is difficult to produce a tool capable of cutting off the chip without frequent failures. 3. If the metal to be cut is soft, the top rake of the tool is decreased. 4. When a tool cuts metal a force is exerted on its face by the material pushed ahead, and a friction force is set up along the face of the tool by a sliding chip. 5. If the tool were not ground correctly, it would not cut freely. 6. The basic principle of design employed in making single-point cutting tools is the wedge which can be modified in accordance with requirements.

VII. Translate the following sentences into English using different ways of expressing obligation:

1. Все резцы, в зависимости от типа машины, на которой они используются, нужно подразделять на токарные, фрезерные, строгальные и другие. 2. Для того чтобы продлить работу режущего инструмента, следует правильно выбирать скорость резания. 3. Угол заточки инструмента должен меняться в зависимости от материала обрабаты­ваемой детали. 4. Инструмент, который нужно затачивать и устанавливать в определенное положение в автоматическом станке, следует насаживать с меньшей силой, чем обдирочный резец. 5. Режущие инструменты могут затачи­ваться до тех пор, пока не останется маленькая полоска режущей кромки, и все же их можно еще использовать для резки материала.