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Файл:McCabe. Applied Dental Materials.pdf
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- •Contents
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Selection of dental materials
- •1.3 Evaluation of materials
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Mechanical properties
- •2.3 Rheological properties
- •2.4 Thermal properties
- •2.5 Adhesion
- •2.6 Miscellaneous physical properties
- •2.7 Chemical properties
- •2.8 Biological properties
- •2.9 Suggested further reading
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Requirements of dental cast materials
- •3.3 Composition
- •3.4 Manipulation and setting characteristics
- •3.5 Properties of the set material
- •3.6 Applications
- •3.7 Advantages and disadvantages
- •3.8 Suggested further reading
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Requirements of wax-pattern materials
- •4.3 Composition of waxes
- •4.4 Properties of dental waxes
- •4.5 Applications
- •4.6 Suggested further reading
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Requirements of investments for alloy casting procedures
- •5.3 Available materials
- •5.4 Properties of investment materials
- •5.5 Applications
- •5.6 Suggested further reading
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Structure and properties of metals
- •6.3 Structure and properties of alloys
- •6.4 Cooling curves
- •6.5 Phase diagrams
- •6.6 Suggested further reading
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Pure gold fillings (cohesive gold)
- •7.3 Traditional casting gold alloys
- •7.4 Hardening heat treatments (theoretical considerations)
- •7.5 Heat treatments (practical considerations)
- •7.6 Alloys with noble metal content of at least 25% but less than 75%
- •7.7 Soldering and brazing materials for noble metals
- •7.8 Noble alloys for metal-bonded ceramic restorations
- •7.9 Biocompatibility
- •7.10 Suggested further reading
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Composition
- •8.3 Manipulation of base metal casting alloys
- •8.4 Properties
- •8.5 Comparison with casting gold alloys
- •8.6 Biocompatibility
- •8.7 Metals and alloys for implants
- •8.8 Suggested further reading
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Investment mould
- •9.3 Casting machines
- •9.4 Faults in castings
- •9.5 Suggested further reading
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Steel
- •10.3 Stainless steel
- •10.4 Stainless steel denture bases
- •10.5 Wires
- •10.6 Suggested further reading
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Composition of traditional dental porcelain
- •11.3 Compaction and firing
- •11.4 Properties of porcelain
- •11.5 Alumina inserts and aluminous porcelain
- •11.6 Sintered alumina core ceramics
- •11.7 Injection moulded and pressed ceramics
- •11.8 Cast glass and polycrystalline ceramics
- •11.9 CAD–CAM restorations
- •11.10 Porcelain veneers
- •11.11 Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)
- •11.12 Capillary technology
- •11.13 Bonded platinum foil
- •11.14 Suggested further reading
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Polymerisation
- •12.3 Physical changes occurring during polymerisation
- •12.4 Structure and properties
- •12.5 Methods of fabricating polymers
- •12.6 Suggested further reading
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Requirements of denture base polymers
- •13.3 Acrylic denture base materials
- •13.4 Modified acrylic materials
- •13.5 Alternative polymers
- •13.6 Suggested further reading
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Hard reline materials
- •14.3 Tissue conditioners
- •14.4 Temporary soft lining materials
- •14.5 Permanent soft lining materials
- •14.6 Self-administered relining materials
- •14.7 Suggested further reading
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Requirements
- •15.3 Available materials
- •15.4 Properties
- •15.5 Suggested further reading
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Classification of impression materials
- •16.3 Requirements
- •16.4 Clinical considerations
- •16.5 Suggested further reading
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Impression plaster
- •17.3 Impression compound
- •17.4 Impression waxes
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Reversible hydrocolloids (agar)
- •18.3 Irreversible hydrocolloids (alginates)
- •18.5 Modified alginates
- •18.6 Suggested further reading
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Polysulphides
- •19.3 Silicone rubbers (condensation curing)
- •19.4 Silicone rubbers (addition curing)
- •19.5 Polyethers
- •19.6 Comparison of the properties of elastomers
- •19.7 Suggested further reading
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.2 Appearance
- •20.3 Rheological properties and setting characteristics
- •20.4 Chemical properties
- •20.5 Thermal properties
- •20.6 Mechanical properties
- •20.7 Adhesion
- •20.8 Biological properties
- •20.9 Historical
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 Composition
- •21.3 Setting reactions
- •21.4 Properties
- •21.6 Manipulative variables
- •21.7 Suggested further reading
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.2 Acrylic resins
- •22.3 Composite materials – introduction
- •22.4 Classification and composition of composites
- •22.5 Properties of composites
- •22.6 Fibre reinforcement of composite structures
- •22.7 Clinical handling notes for composites
- •22.8 Applications of composites
- •22.9 Suggested further reading
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2 Acid-etch systems for bonding to enamel
- •23.3 Applications of the acid-etch technique
- •23.4 Bonding to dentine – background
- •23.5 Dentine conditioning – the smear layer
- •23.6 Priming and bonding
- •23.7 Current concepts in dentine bonding – the hybrid layer
- •23.8 Classification of dentine bonding systems
- •23.9 Bonding to alloys, amalgam and ceramics
- •23.10 Bond strength and leakage measurements
- •23.11 Polymerizable luting agents
- •23.12 Suggested further reading
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.2 Composition
- •24.3 Setting reaction
- •24.4 Properties
- •24.5 Cermets
- •24.6 Applications and clinical handling notes
- •24.7 Suggested further reading
- •25.1 Introduction
- •25.2 Composition and classification
- •25.3 Setting characteristics
- •25.4 Dimensional change and dimensional stability
- •25.5 Mechanical properties
- •25.6 Adhesive characteristics
- •25.7 Fluoride release
- •25.8 Clinical handling notes
- •25.9 Suggested further reading
- •26.1 Introduction
- •26.2 Requirements
- •26.3 Available materials
- •26.4 Properties
- •27.1 Introduction
- •27.2 Requirements of cavity lining materials
- •27.3 Requirements of Iuting materials
- •27.4 Requirements of endodontic cements
- •27.5 Requirements of orthodontic cements
- •27.6 Suggested further reading
- •28.1 Introduction
- •28.2 Zinc phosphate cements
- •28.3 Silicophosphate cements
- •28.4 Copper cements
- •28.5 Suggested further reading
- •29.1 Introduction
- •29.2 Zinc oxide/eugenol cements
- •29.3 Ortho-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) cements
- •29.4 Calcium hydroxide cements
- •29.5 Suggested further reading
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.2 Polycarboxylate cements
- •30.3 Glass ionomer cements
- •30.4 Resin-modified glass ionomers and compomers
- •30.5 Suggested further reading
- •31.1 Introduction
- •31.2 Irrigants and lubricants
- •31.3 Intra-canal medicaments
- •31.4 Endodontic obturation materials
- •31.5 Historical materials
- •31.6 Contemporary materials
- •31.7 Clinical handling
- •31.8 Suggested further reading
- •Appendix 1
- •Index
296 Chapter 31
The third method for application of heat is after insertion of the gutta percha into the canal using a hot instrument. Historically this was achieved with a steel plugger warmed in a flame, but contemporary practice involves the use of an induction heating mechanism with a custom instrument. Heat is applied with care to the gutta percha which is then condensed vertically and/or laterally using a plugger or spreader.
All thermal techniques have the potential disadvantage that the gutta percha will undergo dimensional change as it cools which can impair the quality of the seal that can be achieved. For this
reason the forces that are used to press the softened material into the canal must be applied for the duration of the cooling period to overcome thermal shrinkage.
31.8 Suggested further reading
Grossman, JJ. et al. (1988) Endodontics, 11th edn., pp. 242–270. Lea and Febiger: Philadelphia, PA.
Walton, R.E. & Toribinejad, M. (2002) Principles and Practice of Endodontics, pp. 219. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA.
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